1. Hs(1) Hypochondriasis:T80    BACK
"Hs" stands for Hypochondriasis, which is the first clinical scale in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI) . This scale is designed to evaluate an individual's excessive concern with bodily functions and their fear of suffering from a severe illness, even when they have received medical reassurance to the contrary.

The individual taking the test has scored high on the Hypochondriasis(Hs) scale, indicating an unusual concern for personal bodily functions or vague hypochondriacal complaints. These individuals' complaints include loss of appetite, insomnia, fatigue, and low mood. They tend to feel more fatigued than others when facing high work pressure, giving an impression of being delicate.
** High Hs scores suggest that the test taker has many unclear physical discomforts. If the Hysteria(Hy) score is high, the physical discomfort may be exaggerated. These discomforts are often chronic, and psychological counseling is usually ineffective.
** Individuals with high Hs scores are generally unhappy, self-centered, selfish, hostile, demanding, sympathetic, complaining, and attempt to gain sympathy.
** High Hs scorers can also be passive, withdrawn, and have little contact with others. Those with real internal diseases can also have high Hs scores.
** High Hs scores usually indicate a strong psychological component. Some physical symptoms, such as feeling pain all day, may be considered as disc herniation, or conditions like diabetes may be exacerbated by psychological factors.
** The physical complaints of patients with high Hs scores must be taken seriously to avoid misdiagnosing them as having purely psychosomatic diseases.
** High Hs scores are also common in individuals who are generally weak, have psychomotor retardation, and are depressed(often accompanied by high scores on the Depression(D) scale) . These individuals are anxious, lack confidence, are contradictory, have conflicting emotions but do not infringe on others, are introverted and self-protective, and cannot make contact, among other negative emotions.
** An Hs score higher than 65 accompanied by a high D score often indicates that the individual is depressed because they didn't get something they wanted. Even though the pathological mechanism is not psychotic depression, this type of depression can only be treated with medication.
** A high Hs score accompanied by a significantly low score on the Depression(D) scale suggests that the somatic disease(symptoms) is unrelated to depression.

2. D(2) depression: T72    BACK
D(2) Depression: This scale is used to assess the level of depression in an individual, which can include symptoms such as feelings of hopelessness, low mood, lack of energy, and sleep disturbances.
This characteristic is especially true when the scores of scales 1 and 7 are simultaneously high. The content of scale 2 is also related to feelings of listlessness, helplessness, depression, discomfort, expressionless demeanor, and denial of optimistic emotions. The score of scale 2 is related to the mood at the time of the test.

The individual taking the test has scored high on the Depression(D) scale.
** Those who score high on this scale generally lack positive emotions and tend to be pessimistic, both towards themselves and others. They may feel guilty about their past behaviors and thoughts, and may exhibit symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, especially when they also score high on Scale 7.
** Such individuals often feel useless and attempt to withdraw from social activities. They are reluctant to take on business responsibilities and often spend a lot of time dealing with sleep issues. Sometimes, they may also exhibit indecisiveness; this is particularly evident when their T-score exceeds 75, to the point where they struggle to make decisions even on minor matters. They often seek help but are unwilling to actively cooperate.
** High scorers on this scale also feel disturbed by daily life matters. They experience severe physical discomfort even when doing a little work. If anorexia occurs, antidepressants are very effective. Acute depressive episodes, especially when Scale 7 also scores high, can spontaneously alleviate. However, scores on other clinical scales must be below 60.
** For test subjects with a score of 70 or more on this scale, it is recommended to see a doctor to prevent their cerebral cortex from solidifying in a depressive state as soon as possible. It's always crucial to interpret these scores in the context of the individual's overall mental health and life circumstances.

3. Hy(3) refers to hysteria, T77    BACK
Hy(3),It's part of the factor scales used to test an individual's psychological maturity, including aspects such as dependency, naivety, immaturity, ego, and lack of self-awareness.
Hysteria, also known as Dissociative Conversion Disorder, is characterized by a strong self-suggestibility. It can lead to dissociative and conversion symptoms under the influence of internal conflicts or external event stimuli.

The individual taking the test has scored high on the Hysteria(Hy) scale.
** This indicates a defensive neurosis, where external stress is dealt with through denial and repression. High Hy scorers often exhibit dependency, naivety, extroversion, immaturity, and self-absorption. Their interpersonal relationships are frequently disrupted, and they lack self-awareness. Under high stress, they often exhibit physical symptoms. They display a low level of psychological maturity and tend to interpret psychological issues as physical problems.
** The Hy scale includes many somatic complaint items(shared with Scale 1) . Therefore, a high Hy score alone is not sufficient to indicate conversion or dissociative symptoms of hysteria.
** Individuals with high scores on this scale often have many physical symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, back pain, etc., which often appear during menstruation. If the patient is female, there may also be many dramatic symptoms(such as psychogenic insomnia, paralysis, or loss of sensation) . These symptoms are more common in general hospitals and less common in psychiatric hospitals.
** Patients with high scores on this scale often cannot control their resentment and tension. These individuals appear very friendly and sociable on the surface, and are talkative and enthusiastic. However, they also exhibit self-centeredness, immaturity, narcissism, and lack self-awareness. Hysterical personalities often have sexual charm, especially towards doctors of the opposite sex. This is more apparent if both Scales 3 and 4 have high scores. If Scale 6 score is reduced, the individual may have periodic outbursts of rage, suicide threats or attempts.
** Individuals with high scores on this scale often have marital problems and are prone to complain about authority figures. However, they often try to please others during conversations. In medical units, they often complain about doctors or other staff.
** Individuals with high scores on this scale often tell doctors how past medical staff were not good, while the current doctor is obviously more competent and polite. However, as time passes, they complain about the past in front of newer doctors. These individuals often lack self-awareness of their behavior and complain that others say they have psychological problems. Patients with high scores on this scale often have combined repression and high scores on the K and L scales.

Please note:
** Long-term high scores on this scale are often related to family education or long-term feelings of being wronged.
** Overindulgence in the family can lead to high Hy scores.
** High Hy scores caused by feelings of being wronged often result in Hy being the highest scoring item(first place in the T-score order table), with other clinical scale scores being normal or low.
** If Hy scores alone are high, the test subject may be in a state of narrow-mindedness. It is recommended that the test subject retest after a month to determine the true state.
** Especially when the Hy score is higher than 67, it suggests that the test subject currently feels wronged, their thinking becomes narrow, they behave immaturely, feel unbalanced, find it difficult to interact deeply with others, and need comfort. It's always crucial to interpret these scores in the context of the individual's overall mental health and life circumstances.

4. Pd(4) refers to psychopathic deviate, T81    BACK
Pd(4), It's part of the factor scales used to test an individual's psychological maturity, including aspects such as rebelliousness, impulsivity, and disregard for social norms.
Psychopathic Deviate, also known as Antisocial Personality Disorder, is characterized by a strong disregard for rules and social norms. It can lead to destructive and impulsive behaviors under the influence of internal conflicts or external event stimuli.

The individual taking the test has scored high on the Psychopathic Deviate(Pd) scale.
** This indicates certain personality disorders. They may appear outgoing, sociable, and charming, but can also be insincere, pretentious, pleasure-seeking, attention-seeking, and exhibit poor judgment. They can be untrustworthy, immature, deliberate, aggressive, and provocative. They often struggle with marriage and family relationships, violate laws, and high scorers reflect persistent personality problems that are extremely difficult to treat.
** The test subject is unwilling to accept traditional social values, does not conform to customs, and often violates some social norms. They may exhibit characteristics such as irritability, impulsivity, recklessness, and lack of patience, especially when their desires are not met. Their actions lack planning and careful consideration. They are brave in innovation, dare to think and act, but easily overlook the consequences. They are self-centered, do not obey authority, lack deep and long-term responsibility. They are hyperactive, energetic, and give a good first impression.
** High scorers on the Pd scale often have revengeful and aggressive ideas, and often start to exhibit behavioral violations before the age of 15. They cannot accept peers, and have difficulties in marriage and work. They exhibit poor judgment and impulsive behavior, and also show self-love and self-centeredness. These individuals may show suicidal tendencies under stress but are not depressed, and have a vengeful heart towards others. They often retaliate when others do not support their goals.
** High scorers on this scale sometimes also show conformity, interest in others, but this interest is limited to trying to benefit from others. This purpose is often temporary and impulsive. Some high scorers on this scale may have high intelligence, but they are cynical, often infringe on others, and are prone to troubles, especially when certain events in their circumstances affect their lives.
** Some high scorers on this scale can also transform their domineering, powerful, and conforming personality traits into positive social factors. They should release this psychological energy through appropriate channels, engage in creative work, or pursue hobbies in art and literature, to reduce conflicts with society and self-harm. These individuals may also become successful psychologists, doctors, salespeople, and other professions that deal with people. At this time, it is not clinically appropriate to diagnose as Pd.

Please note:
Scores greater than 65 points may exhibit a certain level of aggression. It's always crucial to interpret these scores in the context of the individual's overall mental health and life circumstances.

5. Mf(5) masculinization: TT67    BACK
Mf(5) Masculinization. This scale is designed to evaluate an individual's tendency towards masculinity.

The test subject scored high on the Mf scale.
** The subject exhibits strong competitiveness, a tendency for comparison, and a disinterest in typical female activities. They display bravery and a lack of restraint, but can also be impulsive and aggressive. If they possess strong capabilities, they can be quite successful; however, if their abilities are average, the disconnect between their desires and reality may lead to anxiety. Their lack of confidentiality makes them unsuitable for roles requiring discretion.
** Women who score high on the Mf scale are perceived as having masculine traits, being coarse, aggressive, confident, emotionally detached, and insensitive.
** Individuals with high Mf scores may reject the acknowledgment of typical feminine traits. These women tend to favor traditionally male-dominated sports or activities, including certain professions, and can be domineering, competitive, and coarse. Those scoring high on the F scale often actively seek to compete with men, aiming to demonstrate their similarity or superiority.

6. Pa(6) paranoia: T78    BACK
Pa(6) Paranoia. This scale is designed to evaluate an individual's tendency towards delusional thinking.

The test subject scored high on the Paranoia(Pa) scale.
** Individuals with high scores on the Pa scale often have experiences and biases related to sexuality. If the validity scale score is within the valid range(below 60 T points), these individuals almost invariably exhibit behaviors indicative of mental disorders. They often harbor delusions about relationships, exhibit exaggerated or persecutory delusions, and most have cognitive impairments(though sometimes these are only emerging) . These individuals are prone to anger, fear, and retaliation, often posing harm to those around them. It's common for patients with paranoid schizophrenia to have high scores on this scale.
** Please note: A score exceeding 75 suggests that the test subject may currently exhibit significant personality disorders or severe mental illnesses. It is recommended to pursue further psychological evaluations.

7. Pt(7) psychasthenia: T75    BACK
Pt(7) Psychasthenia. This scale is designed to evaluate an individual's tendency towards mental exhaustion or fatigue.

The test subject scored high on the Psychasthenia(Pt) scale.
The subject tends to lose enthusiasm more easily, leading to a sense of passion exhaustion. They are more likely to experience stress at work, and display significant signs of irritability, anxiety, and complaints. This can result in difficulties in persisting with tasks, a lack of patience, indecisiveness, and hesitation, particularly when facing service-oriented roles such as nursing. They often exhibit poor attitudes, and their likelihood of resignation is relatively higher than others.
The subject needs effective methods to alleviate stress.
Note: Due to the high stress and resulting anxiety symptoms, the effectiveness of anti-anxiety medication may be limited. It may be beneficial to consider approaches that aim to enhance psychological resilience.
** Individuals with high scores on the Pt scale often exhibit obsessive thoughts, extreme anxiety, repetitive thinking, terror, rigidity, and high levels of tension. They frequently self-blame, experience guilt, feelings of inferiority, and unease. If combined with a high score on the Depression(D) scale, they may also exhibit signs of depression. Various symbolic or specific fears will also be reflected in this scale score.
** Individuals with high scores on scale 7 are often neurotic and easily agitated, with pronounced physical or physiological symptoms such as anxiety, sweating, palpitations, and panic. Due to their frequent high tension, individuals with high Pt scores often struggle with concentration, problem-solving, planning, and understanding and identifying the direction of surrounding matters. This further exacerbates their anxiety.
** Individuals with high scores on scale 7 often experience guilt, depression, and perfectionist demands on themselves and objective matters, and lack confidence. They often display an excessive focus on orderliness, cleanliness, neatness, attention to detail, and caution. However, they lack creativity or quick-wittedness, and often struggle with decision-making or exhibit hesitation. They tend to worry about every matter and experience difficulty in taking action.
** High scores on scale 7 can also be associated with various physical issues, often focusing on internal organs such as the heart, intestines, and stomach, or complaints of insomnia, headaches, and weakness. If these individuals have conditions like bronchial asthma, episodes can be triggered by anxiety.
** High T scorers on this scale may use their own wisdom and rationalization abilities as a protective mechanism, making it challenging for them to undergo psychotherapy.

8. Sc(8) schizophrenia: T91    BACK
Sc(8) Schizophrenia. This scale is designed to evaluate an individual's tendency towards schizophrenia.
This assessment primarily evaluates the extent to which the test taker's thought processes are integrated with their objective environment. Concurrently, a lack of coherence in thought can contribute to a higher score. Many individuals who score high on this scale may, due to factors like their living conditions or level of psychological maturity, engage in excessive fantasizing or employ psychological defenses to avoid reality. They typically lean towards positive outcomes when making decisions, and negative information or information that could be detrimental to them is often obscured by their idealized perception of the world. These individuals often exhibit a pattern of overthinking and underacting.
The test subject scored high on the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale.
** The subject tends to idealize to a significant extent, with their thoughts often being disconnected from and contradictory to reality. They frequently immerse themselves in a fantasized life, engaging in daydreams that lack a basis in reality. This can lead to feelings of distress and dissatisfaction, and the potential for severe psychological disorders cannot be excluded.
** The subject often struggles to remember their own commitments and the expectations of others. Similarly, during psychological treatment, the evaluations and guidance provided by the therapist are often forgotten, leading to less effective treatment outcomes. It is recommended to establish a reminder system for the subject.
** High scores on the Sc scale often coincide with high scores(above 65) on the F scale. If only the score on scale 8 is high without an elevated T score on the F scale, it often suggests a schizotypal personality. These individuals typically have few friends, experience loneliness, are often misunderstood, and face rejection. They frequently avoid new environments or situations that involve emotional interactions with others.
** Please note: If the test subject's score exceeds 95, they may exhibit erratic responses and potentially feign negative behavior during the assessment.

9. Ma(9) hypomania: T74    BACK
Ma(9) Hypomania. This scale is designed to evaluate an individual's tendency towards hypomania.
The test subject scored high on the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale.
** This test can be utilized to evaluate individuals exhibiting hypomanic behavior. This includes characteristics such as rich associative thinking, excessive behavior, an inflated sense of self, heightened mood, overly loud speech, impulsivity, a surge in thoughts, increased activity levels, indifference towards pessimistic events, and volatile emotions.
** This item reflects the speed at which the brain processes information. When it coincides with a high or low score on the Depression(D) scale in the T-score sequence table, it indicates a level of emotional activity. It does not have a strong correlation with introversion or extroversion.
** The score on this item is influenced by the means and volume of information the test subject was exposed to during their developmental years. Young adults generally score higher on this item compared to older adults. This is attributed to advancements in technology, the refinement of information mediums, and the increasing volume of information available, requiring the brain to utilize more resources for information processing.

The test subject scored high on the Hypomania(Ma) scale.
** The subject exhibits active and broad thinking, and processes a large volume of information. They are characterized by cheerfulness, optimism, a willingness to consider issues from a positive perspective, confidence, enthusiasm, a wide range of interests, sociability, approachability, and an ability to easily bring joy to others. They maintain a broad spectrum of interpersonal relationships, though these relationships tend to lack depth. They may lack patience, exhibit restlessness at times, and their thought process can be disjointed and chaotic, affecting their judgment.
** The subject often displays friendliness, sociability, enjoys social interactions, and prefers being in crowd settings. They are characterized by humor, a fondness for joking, extroversion, impulsivity, excessive energy, optimism, an unrestrained moral view, frivolity, indulgence in alcohol, a tendency to exaggerate, irritability, absolute optimism, unrealistic planning, and a tendency to overestimate themselves. Some may come across as pretentious, exhibit urgency in their demeanor, and are easily irritated. These characteristics significantly differentiate them from individuals with other conditions. During manic episodes, the individual may exhibit anger, domineering behavior, and paranoid delusions, often resorting to unrealistic plans to pursue future power. During manic stages, they often deny reactions associated with depressive episodes. This type of individual sometimes scores high on scale 2.
** A score exceeding 75 on the Ma scale can indicate confused thinking, delusions, paranoia(stubbornness), emotional disorders, fickleness, impulsive behavior, personality disintegration, memory impairment, or difficulties with orientation and concentration. Particularly when the T score exceeds 75 and is concurrently high on the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale, hallucinations can also occur(when the Ma scale T score exceeds 80) . This scale is commonly observed in patients with bipolar depression or affective schizophrenia. These patients generally respond well to lithium treatment.

0. Si(0) social introversion: T55    BACK
Si(0) Social Introversion a concept from the MMPI scale(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) . "Social Introversion" can be understood as introverted personality, and the term "social" is added to indicate that the individual exhibits an introverted personality in social environments.
The Social Introversion Si scale is used to assess the degree of personality introversion and extroversion.
This study assesses the degree to which participants acknowledge and internalize rules throughout their developmental process. Participants who have undergone strict traditional education or have experiences of caring for others tend to score higher in this study. Conversely, only children, often pampered and subjected to a more lenient educational environment, typically score lower.
Individuals who adhere to rules often exhibit more caution when addressing problems, leading to a certain level of restraint and less assertiveness in their actions. This may result in a seemingly introverted demeanor, but it is not indicative of an introverted personality. Moreover, participants with high Si scores, due to their cautious thought process, may exhibit slower cognitive responses. Typically, these individuals also display signs of psychomotor retardation.
It's important to note that the rules acknowledged by these individuals are not necessarily societal norms; they could also be personal rules set by the participants themselves. For instance, a participant with high scores in both Sc and Si might adhere to rules they've imagined or idealized. Furthermore, rule-abiding individuals are not necessarily submissive; they often have clear boundaries for what they expect from others and show little tolerance for those who overstep these boundaries.

The participant's score falls within the normal range, indicating that they are characterized by a calm and affable demeanor, lack of impulsivity, and strong self-control. While they may not be the most active in social settings, they find it relatively easy to engage with others and often succeed in preserving their personal space within a group.

② Clinical Scale Subscales

D. Subscales

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D-o D-s 58 57 85 66 47 71 53 High Low

◆ Subjective Depression(D1), T58
Subjective Depression(D1) in psychology typically refers to an individual's self-perceived depressive emotions or mood states. This may include feelings of sadness, helplessness, despair, loss of interest or pleasure, and more. These feelings can impact an individual's daily life, including sleep, diet, work, and interpersonal relationships. Subjective depression is a crucial component of diagnosing depression but can also be a symptom of other mental health issues.

Normal T-score.

◆ Psychomotor Retardation(D2), T57
Psychomotor Retardation(D2) in psychology typically refers to a slowing down of an individual's thought process and physical movements. This can be due to various reasons such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, or other mental health issues. This can impact an individual's daily life, including learning, working, and social activities.
It's important to note that the response speed discussed here encompasses two scenarios: one where the brain's information processing speed is slow, and another where the brain's processing speed isn't slow, but the volume of information being processed is substantial. Participants with high Si scores may encounter this issue as they often consider multiple factors when making decisions. If a participant harbors suicidal thoughts, even if they're merely ideations, it's crucial to be vigilant about suicide prevention, especially when the D2 score is high. These individuals may struggle to control their impulses.

Normal T-score.

◆ Physical Discomfort(D3), T85
Physical Discomfort(D3) . It typically refers to the subjective experience of physical discomfort or distress. This can include a wide range of sensations such as pain, fatigue, or general unease, and may be associated with various psychological conditions such as anxiety or depression.

The discussion here pertains to the somatization of depression, where various types of depression often present as forms of discomfort. It's crucial to differentiate this from "hypochondriasis(Hs) ". While Hs primarily involves concern, the focus here is more on the experience of discomfort. Hs encompasses a wide range of sensations(including discomfort, fatigue, pleasure, unusual sensations, etc.), whereas the discussion here is solely about the expression of discomfort akin to physical illness. Physical discomfort is a sub-scale of depression, intended to reflect the somatization aspects of depression. However, at times, certain physical discomforts not associated with depression may also be represented here. Naturally, feelings of discomfort will invariably impact emotions, necessitating careful discernment in their application.

Your score is high, it indicates that you have excessive concerns about your health, numerous physical complaints, a broad range of symptoms, multiple experiences of physical discomfort, and a dysfunction in operational abilities.

◆ Psychological Heaviness(D4), T66
Psychological Heaviness(D4) . It typically refers to a state of mental burden or stress. This can be characterized by feelings of being overwhelmed, mentally exhausted, or weighed down by worries, problems, or responsibilities.
When a high score is observed in psychological heaviness, it's crucial to assess whether the individual's feelings are influenced by tangible stressors. This could include excessive worry due to past mistakes or the anticipation of severe negative events causing anxiety. Such feelings of psychological heaviness are understandable and may necessitate psychological counseling or even pharmacological intervention. However, if this sense of heaviness persists in the absence of identifiable stressors, it may be indicative of depression. This could be related to factors such as neurotransmitter imbalances, hormonal levels, or organic depression.

Your score is high, it indicates that you may have a lack of self-trust, experience difficulties in work and study, show a lack of response to events, have poor judgment skills, be prone to nervousness and suspicion, feel a heaviness of heart, and have poor attention, memory, and judgment skills.

◆ Worry(D5) ，T47
Worry(D5) . It typically refers to a state of anxiety or concern about actual or potential problems. Worry often involves repetitive thoughts about an issue and its potential negative outcomes.
The participant exhibits signs of melancholy, frequently engrossed in their own internal world. Within this state of immersion, they often find themselves revisiting negative incidents and errors, engaging in analysis and anticipation. This continuous cycle of negative anticipation inflicts significant emotional distress on the participant. Those with high scores in this area would greatly benefit from a shift in focus during psychological therapy, transitioning from their internal world to the realities of their external environment.


Normal T-score.

◆ Broad Symptoms of Depression(D-o),T71
Broad Symptoms of Depression(D-o) . It typically refers to a wide range of symptoms that are commonly associated with depression. These can include persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or emptiness; loss of interest or pleasure in activities; changes in appetite or weight; sleep disturbances; lack of energy; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions; and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
This represents a state of despondency, characterized by a lack of psychological drive. Individuals with high scores tend to seek stability and are resistant to change.

Your score is high, it suggests a lack of psychological motivation It presents obvious signs of depression.

◆ Inhibition of Anger and Aggression(D-s), T53
Inhibition of Anger and Aggression(D-s) . It typically refers to the ability to control or suppress feelings of anger and aggressive behaviors. This involves managing emotional reactions and responses, particularly those related to anger, and preventing them from leading to aggressive actions.
Contrary to the "Broad Symptoms of Depression", the participant may possess psychological drive but consistently suppresses it, preventing it from surfacing.

Normal T-score.

It's important to note:
If the difference between the scores of D-s and D-o is ≥15, it indicates "latent depression, with symptoms being suppressed". If both "Broad Symptoms of Depression" and "Inhibition of Anger and Aggression" score high, it suggests that the participant lacks motivation, and the high score in D-s is not indicative of suppression but rather an absence of it. Only when D-0 scores low does a high score in D-s imply suppression. If both D-o and D-s scores are ≤45, then the participant is likely an extroverted and assertive individual who does not suppress their emotional responses. In such cases, determining whether depression is overt or latent becomes irrelevant.

◆ Denial of Social Anxiety(Hy1), T51
Denial of Social Anxiety(Hy1) measures an individual's tendency to deny or suppress social anxiety or discomfort. A high score on this subscale can indicate that the individual is extroverted, comfortable in social interactions, and accepts criticism. On the other hand, a low score may indicate social anxiety or discomfort.
Individuals can be categorized into two aspects: the "biological self" and the "social self". Those scoring high are more inclined to express themselves and actively engage in societal activities. It's understood that neurosis(mental disorders not related to personality issues) stems from undue self-focus. Individuals scoring high on the lack of social anxiety scale tend to pay more attention to the evaluations of others and their own psychological experiences. High scores generally correlate with a lower likelihood of psychological issues. However, scores exceeding 70 might indicate potential social interaction difficulties or even manic tendencies.

Normal T-score.

◆ Need for Affection(Hy2), T55
The "Need for Affection" subscale(Hy2) evaluates an individual's need for affection, attention, and approval from others. It can provide insights into a person's emotional and interpersonal functioning, including their need for reassurance and validation.
This subscale may also reflect the individual's fear that they may not receive affection or attention if they reveal their true selves. It can also indicate a tendency to portray others positively and deny negative emotions towards others.

This subscale is significant as it reflects the subject's need for a social support system, particularly familial support. A social support system is a crucial aspect of an individual's social well-being. Individuals lacking such a system are susceptible to psychological issues. High scorers on the 'Need for Affection' scale may not necessarily lack a social support system, but they might be receiving insufficient love from their family. This could be due to either the family's lack of affection or the subject's excessive need for love. Typically, a high score on the Hysteria(Hy) scale corresponds to a high 'Need for Affection(Hy2) ' score. However, exceptions exist, and in such cases, other Subscales of Hy should be analyzed. Due to the impact of the one-child policy and various economic development issues, there is a certain discrepancy between the Hy norm and the current social situation. As such, we only classify a Hy2 score of ≥65 as high, while a score of 57-64 is considered relatively high. Needs generate motivations, and if these needs are not met, it can lead to psychological distress. The higher the Hy2 score, the greater the distress. Individuals with high scores need to assess whether their needs are being met by those around them and seek assistance for psychological growth.

Normal T-score.

◆ Lassitude-Malaise(Hy3), T67
The "Lassitude-Malaise" subscale(Hy3) measures an individual's physical and emotional fatigue or lack of energy. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person experiencing physical or emotional fatigue, while a low score may suggest a person with high energy levels.
This often indicates a narrow mindset, characterized by a concentrated focus on feelings of fatigue. Individuals with high scores on the Hysteria(Hy) scale tend to exhibit a more narrow perspective and pay increased attention to issues that trigger negative emotions. Concentrating on aspects or feelings they find tiresome can lead to the subjects feeling drained and unmotivated, resulting in a range of issues including a decline in drive. Simultaneously, a high score may also hint at the potential presence of depression in the subjects.

your score is high, it suggests that you may be experiencing weakness and fatigue, a lack of interest, a tendency to tire easily, diminished motivation, and a reduced inclination to act.

◆ Somatic Complaints(Hy4), T77
The "Somatic Complaints" subscale(Hy4) measures an individual's tendency to express emotional distress through physical symptoms. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who frequently complains about physical ailments as a way to seek attention or avoid responsibility. A low score may suggest a person who is less likely to express distress through physical symptoms.
Some individuals harbor deep-seated desires to seek pity and crave sympathy. The underlying objective is often to gain attention, understanding, and care, which can be indicative of psychological immaturity. Physical complaints are merely one manifestation of this, and those scoring high on the scale may exhibit other forms of expression, such as discussing adverse circumstances or failed relationships. At times, these individuals may immerse themselves in or derive a sense of satisfaction from their perceived misfortune, which could mean that those with high scores may not necessarily possess a strong motivation for change.

Your score is high, it suggests that you have a strong desire for attention and sympathy. You may focus excessively on various physical discomforts, often experience low physical and mental energy, and easily succumb to fatigue. Despite numerous attempts, you may find it challenging to uplift your spirits.

◆ Inhibition of Aggression(Hy5), T62
The "Inhibition of Aggression" subscale(Hy5) measures an individual's tendency to suppress or inhibit aggression, whether emotionally, physically, or in fantasies. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who has difficulty expressing anger, avoids conflict, fears rejection or consequences, engages in people-pleasing behavior, self-censors, has passive-aggressive tendencies, internalizes anger, and faces challenges in conflict resolution. A low score may suggest a person who is more assertive and expressive of their emotions.
Individuals with high scores may be effective at self-regulating their aggression and hostility. However, it's important to acknowledge that the presence of such aggression and hostility in itself poses a problem. This aggression and hostility originate from an indirect characteristic of Hysteria(Hy) - a sense of unfairness. These individuals often harbor a greater number of perceived obligations and prohibitions, lack tranquility, experience dissatisfaction, are prone to complaints, and easily become angry.

Normal T-score.

◆ Hysteria-Obvious(Hy-o), T77
"Hysteria-Obvious" subscale(Hy-o) is part of the Hysteria(Hy) clinical scale. This subscale measures an individual's tendency to express emotional distress through physical symptoms. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who frequently complains about physical ailments as a way to seek attention or avoid responsibility. A low score may suggest a person who is less likely to express distress through physical symptoms.
Test subjects often register high scores on this scale during periods of low mood, stress, or anxiety. These conditions can indeed result in a narrow mindset, which in turn may elevate the Hysteria(Hy) score. However, it remains a topic of discussion whether this necessarily implies the presence of hysterical issues.

Your score is high, it suggests that you may have concerns about your sleep quality. Indicate "obvious hysteria".

◆ Hysteria-Subtle(Hy-s), T51
The "Hysteria-Subtle" subscale(Hy-s) is part of the Hysteria(Hy) clinical scale. This subscale measures an individual's tendency to express emotional distress in a more subtle or indirect manner. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who denies aggressive impulses, is socially outgoing, and tends to repress certain emotions. A low score may suggest a person who is hostile and distrusting

Normal T-score.

Pd. Subscale

Pd1 Pd2 Pd3 Pd4 Pd5 Pd-o Pd-s 80 53 52 54 53 65 63 High Low

◆ Familial Discord(Pd1), T80
The "Pd1" stands for the "Familial Discord" subscale under the Psychopathic Deviate(Pd) clinical scale. This subscale measures an individual's perception of conflict and problems within their family. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who feels they did not receive enough love and understanding from their family. They may have had frequent conflicts with their family and feel resentment towards them.
While individuals with high scores may originate from a disharmonious family environment, it's important to recognize that these test subjects are often the instigators of this discord. They may resist conforming to family customs and practices, leading to frequent conflicts with family members over behavioral habits and perceptions. These individuals may be resistant to change, at times even disregarding the potential consequences of their actions.

Your score is high, it suggests that you may feel a lack of familial warmth and emotional support, harbor dissatisfaction with your family environment, and consistently strive to escape familial control.

◆ Authority Problems(Pd2), T53
The "Pd2" stands for the "Authority Problems" subscale under the Psychopathic Deviate(Pd) clinical scale. This subscale measures an individual's tendency to have conflicts with authority figures. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who has had behavioral problems, legal issues, and conflicts with authority. They may violate social norms or clash with others, especially those in positions of authority.
The "Authority Problems" subscale reflects the extent to which a test subject acknowledges authority and rules. High scorers tend not to recognize any form of authority and internally resist all rules they perceive as disadvantageous. It's important to note that this isn't necessarily good or bad. For individuals capable of rational innovation, this trait can be advantageous, while for others, it may lead to difficulties. Given the shift towards individualized education in today's society, which differs significantly from the time when the norms were established, it's normal for younger individuals to score somewhat higher on this scale. Therefore, for those under the age of 25, a score of ≥65 is considered high.

Normal T-score.

◆ Social Imperturbability(Pd3), T52
The "Pd3" stands for the "Social Imperturbability" subscale under the Psychopathic Deviate(Pd) clinical scale. This subscale measures an individual's ability to maintain composure in social situations. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who is manipulative, threatening, exploitative, or very aggressive and indifferent in social situations. They may not need the affection or recognition of others.
High scorers are typically self-affirming, and they may exhibit a latent tendency to disregard others. Interpretations should be made based on the individual circumstances of the test subject.

Normal T-score.

◆ Social Alienation, T54
The "Pd4" stands for the "Social Alienation" subscale under the Psychopathic Deviate(Pd) clinical scale. This subscale measures an individual's feelings of alienation, isolation, and estrangement from society. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who feels misunderstood, unaccepted, or rejected by society. They may feel that they do not belong or fit in.
Social alienation arises from two factors. One is the lack of acceptance by society, often experienced by individuals with mental disorders or those with adverse experiences. The other factor is the individual's own rejection of societal norms. The alienation discussed here primarily pertains to test subjects who reject societal norms, which subsequently leads to their exclusion by society. High scorers often perceive themselves as talented and innovative, yet feel that their strengths are not recognized by others. They may even view others as inferior, deeming them unworthy of their engagement. Indirectly, this suggests that high scorers may lack proficiency in recognizing resources, particularly in identifying the strengths of others. Consequently, their ability to leverage interpersonal resources may be limited.

Normal T-score.

◆ Inner Turmoil(Pd5), T53
The Pd5 subscale, also known as "Inner Turmoil", is associated with feelings of dissatisfaction with life, unhappiness, feelings of being misunderstood, guilt, self-criticism, and regret. High scores on Pd5 indicate individuals who tend to attribute their dissatisfaction to themselves. The intensity or level of guilt can be predicted by the D5(Deep Worries) and LSE(Low Self-Esteem) content scale scores.
This scale assesses the degree of self-denial in individuals. It's crucial to distinguish this form of self-denial from that experienced in depression. In depression, self-denial manifests as "I am incapable," whereas in this context, it is "I am capable but unable to achieve," or "I am capable but have not performed well." Persistent self-denial and remorse can lead to difficulties in shifting focus, often resulting in attention being concentrated on negative aspects. This, in turn, can trigger a reduction in the overall utilization of psychological functions.

Normal T-score.

◆ Psychopathic Deviate-Obvious(Pd-o), T65
Pd-O Psychopathic Deviate-Obvious.
High: Feels misunderstood, poor concentration, feels rejected by family, acting out, may have used alcohol excessively, depression, and sexual conflicts.
Low: Healthy relationships, denies alcohol abuse and does not express regret about past misdeeds. Not someone to marry. Correlates 89% with Pd5 Self Alienation, 83% with Wiggins Depression, and 82% with Dependency. Pd-O is more pathological than Pd, while Pd-S, Pd1 and Pd2 are less pathological than Pd.

High T Your score is high, suggesting a tendency to externalize blame, evade responsibility, and attribute difficulties to others or environmental factors.

◆ Psychopathic Deviate-Subtle, T63
Pd-S Psychopathic Deviate-Subtle.
High: Social imperturbability, family conflicts, difficulties with intimate relationships and impulsive. Low: Conforming, compliant and shy. Correlates 56% with Pd, 38% with Hy-S, and 37% with Hy1 Denial of Social Anxiety. A rather independent subtle scale. These people function very well, but tend to have marital problems often due to the abuse or neglect they experienced within their family of origin.

Normal T-score.

Pa. Subscale

Pa1 Pa2 Pa3 Pa-o Pa-s 63 72 50 72 61 High Low

◆ Persecutory Ideas(Pa1), T63
Pa1 Persecutory Ideas.
High: Externalizes blame, utilizes projection, feels misunderstood and suspicious.
Low: Feels understood, trusting, and denies persecutory ideas. Correlates .87 with Pa-O, .80 with Wiggins Psychoticism, .69 Prejudice, .69 with Pd4 Social Alienation, and .68 with Wiggins Depression. Pa1 and Pa-O are the most pathological aspects of Pa. These scales assess delusions of persecution, unless someone is really out to get them.
Individuals often feel hurt because they harbor a heightened fear of experiencing harm and lack a sense of security. Those with high scores tend to shift their focus towards elements that could potentially cause them harm, such as certain situations, people, or the actions of others. This heightened sensitivity often leads to an increased perception of harm. In response, they may create a metaphorical "shell" to protect themselves, which can lead to personality issues. It's been suggested that while neurosis stems from unwarranted attention, personality disorders arise from unnecessary defenses. Interestingly, those who fear harm often inflict pain on others, particularly those close to them, while they themselves are hurting.

Normal T-score.

◆ Poignancy(Pa2), T72
Pa2 Poignancy
High: High-strung, overly sensitive, overly subjective, feels misunderstood, seeks out excitement and acts out.
Low: Feels understood and not likely to act out.
Correlates .73 with Pa-O, .71 with Wiggins Psychoticism, .68 with Dependency, and .68 with Welsh Anxiety.
A good scale of "thin-skinness," an aspect of paranoids. Pa2 is a good subtle scale of paranoia.
High T A high score suggests that you are primarily focused on your own feelings, often to the extent of overlooking the emotions of those around you. This can lead to perceptions of you being self-absorbed, egocentric, and lacking in responsibility.

High T Your score is high, suggesting that you thrive on stimulation and tend to perceive things based on your personal viewpoints. You often feel distinct from others and believe that you possess unique qualities. At times, you may experience intense mental tension as you eagerly await moments of inspiration.

◆ Naive(Pa3), T50
Pa3 Naive
High: Naive about others, and sees self and others as trustworthy and honest with high moral standards, and denies hostility.
Low: Suspicious of others, admits to feeling of hostility and resentment.
Correlates .84 with Pa-S,-.81 with Wiggins Manifest Hostility,.72 with Hy2 Need for Affection, -.69 with Prejudice, and .65 with Hy-S.
Pa3 is a measure of trustfulness with normals. It is a measure of the idealizing side of splitting in paranoia.
Naivety: Here, "naivety" does not imply innocence or simplicity devoid of guile. Instead, it underscores a sense of confidence and determination. It manifests as a straightforward approach to tasks - if you believe something is achievable, you will pursue it without overthinking. You display great enthusiasm towards those who aid in your endeavors. However, you may exhibit limited tolerance, even hostility, towards obstacles or individuals that impede your actions. Individuals with high scores on this scale are often more focused on task completion and the realization of their self-worth.

Normal T-score.

◆ Paranoia-Obvious(Pa-o), T72
Pa-o Paranoia-Obvious
High: Persecutory ideas, feeling misunderstood and abused, feeling depressed, projection of blame and suspicious.
Low: Denies persecutory ideation. Correlates .87 with Pa1 Persecutory Ideas, .85 with Wiggins Psychoticism, .77 with Pa, .76 with Wiggins Depression, and .73 with Pa2 Poignancy.
Pa-o and Pa1 are basically the same, both measuring persecutory ideas. Both are more pathological than Pa. ​
High T Your score is high, indicating that you harbor intense feelings of persecution and victimization. You exhibit rigid thinking patterns and struggle to divert your focus from negative emotions or situations. You are susceptible to feelings of resentment, which can sometimes escalate to extreme levels.



◆ Paranoia-Subtle(Pa-s), T61
Pa-s Paranoia-Subtle.
High: Naively trusting, may feel victimized, the idealizing side of the splitting(PaO = Bad Object and PaS = Good Object) .
Low: Resentful, distrusting and punitive. Correlates .84 with Pa3 Naiveté, -.62 with Wiggins Authority Conflicts, .57 with Pa, .52 with Hy2 Need for Affection, and .47 with Hy-S. Pa-S and Pa3 in normals assess trustfulness, the opposite of paranoia.
In individuals with paranoid tendencies, Pa-S and Pa3 assess the idealizing side of splitting.
The object relations of paranoids are based on their rigid beliefs. People are either all good or all bad to them.
Their object relations are not based on object constancy and reality testing, but the projection of good and bad internal objects.
Pa-o and Pa1 are on the negative side of the split, and Pa-s and Pa3 are on the positive side of the split. When people with paranoid tendencies trust, it is usually a set up to feel betrayed.

Normal T-score.

Sc.Subscale

Sc1 Sc2 Sc3 Sc4 Sc5 Sc6 73 67 61 59 65 72 High Low

◆ Social Alienation(Sc1), T73
The term "Sc1" in the context of MMPI-2 refers to a subscale of the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale. The Sc1 subscale, also known as "Social Alienation", reflects feelings of lack of trust in others and a tendency to withdraw from meaningful relationships with others.
This behavior is indicative of an immature personality. Such individuals often seek the care and guidance of others, yet harbor a deep-seated distrust towards them. They possess unique thought processes, which often hinder their ability to fully comprehend the actions and intentions of others. Similarly, they are often misunderstood by others. They frequently resort to fantasies to fill a perceived void in their lives, which can diminish their ability to perceive reality accurately. When interacting with others, they tend to harbor lofty, sometimes unrealistic expectations, which can inadvertently exert psychological pressure on those around them.

High T Your score is high, indicating that you experience a lack of harmony in your relationships with others. You often feel misunderstood, offended, and isolated. You perceive treatment from others as unfair, leading to feelings of loneliness and withdrawal. You may also feel out of place in social settings. There is a perceived lack of social support and love, and you feel as though you've lost meaningful connections with others.

◆ Emotional Alienation(Sc2), T67
The term "SC2" in the context of MMPI-2 refers to a subscale of the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale¹[1][1]. The SC2 subscale, also known as "Emotional Alienation", is associated with feelings of alienation, blunted or distorted emotions, and apathy. It fundamentally measures emotional withdrawal from life(as opposed to withdrawal from other people, which is measured by SC1) .
As discussed under the theme of "Social Alienation", individuals often harbor fantasies and idealized perceptions, which, when combined with a general distrust of others, can lead to feelings of societal estrangement. If this distrust extends to include self-distrust, and there are conflicts between their ideals and reality, they may struggle to effectively express and accept themselves. This lack of self-acceptance is a deeply ingrained sentiment. On the surface, they may perceive themselves as good and competent, leading to an internal conflict. An immature personality may hinder their ability to effectively perceive the world. It's worth noting that the question of whether individuals scoring high on the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale possess the ability to discern sensory details warrants further research. They may also experience discrepancies between their cognitive understanding and actual experiences. Importantly, it's not only individuals with mental health disorders who may score high on this measure.

High T Your score is high, indicating that your emotions tend to be bland or indifferent. You exhibit a lack of interest and feelings of depression, pessimism, despair, and indifference. You may struggle with maintaining consistency with your own emotions. Your emotional responses are characterized as peculiar and discordant, often not aligning with the nature of external stimuli or your internal experiences.

◆ Lack of Ego Mastery, Cognitive(Sc3), T61
The SC3 subscale, also known as "Lack of Ego Mastery, Cognitive", is associated with problems in memory, attention, and concentration. While the D4(Mental Dullness) subscale measures difficulties in completing mental tasks, the SC3 subscale focuses on cognitive impairments due to intrusive thoughts.

Normal T-score.

◆ Lack of Ego Mastery, Conative(Sc4), T59
The SC4 subscale, also known as "Lack of Ego Mastery, Conative", reflects a lack of motivation to behave in a constructive and productive manner. It is similar to SC2 in reflecting feelings of apathy and brooding, but unlike SC2 or D4, it suggests a state of mental exhaustion, lack of will, and discomfort that prevents not only the completion of mental/behavioral tasks but even the initiation of them.

Normal T-score.

◆ Lack of Ego Mastery, Defective Inhibition(Sc5), T65
The SC5 subscale, also known as "Lack of Ego Mastery, Defective Inhibition", is associated with feelings of being frightened by the sense of impending loss of control, ego-alien affect, hyperactivity, labile affect, irritability, and possible amnesic episodes. It fundamentally measures a lack of inhibition, which can manifest as mental exhaustion, lack of will, and discomfort that prevents not only the completion of mental/behavioral tasks but even the initiation of them.

High T Your score is high, indicating that you struggle with emotional control, often feeling as though your emotions are foreign and unusual. You are prone to impulsive and alien emotions, with behavior that can easily spiral out of control and emotions that are quickly triggered. You may experience a “schizoid emotional” state, characterized by a disconnection between your emotions and your environment. In severe instances, you may harbor hostility towards everyone, resulting in a lack of recognition from others. Please note: The third, fourth, and fifth Subscales of the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale emphasize three factors related to a lack of self-mastery in the individual being tested. The root of this lack of self-mastery lies in the inability to align one's thoughts with reality. Their thought processes can sometimes resemble those of a young child, filled with fantasies, daydreams, and idealizations. These occupy the cognitive space needed for understanding reality, thereby hindering their ability to accurately perceive reality and make precise judgments. Additionally, due to excessive thinking, their capacity for action is not strong - they may have great ideas but act on them infrequently. While everyone experiences fantasies, we do not live within them. We imagine ourselves, and the contents of these fantasies are generally positive. However, an individual living within their fantasies can easily dismiss negative, undesirable, or unacceptable information from reality. It's important to remember that summarizing experiences requires the processing of multiple pieces of information, including both pros and cons. Therefore, individuals living within their fantasies may lack the ability to effectively summarize experiences, leading to a potential deficit in self-control. ◆ Bizarre Sensory Experiences(Sc6), T72
Sc6 Bizarre Sensory Experiences.
High: May admit to hallucinations, ideas of external influence, strange tactile sensations, auditory or kinesthetic distortions.
Low: Denies experiencing change in bodily image or sensations or feelings of depersonalization.
Correlates .78 with Wiggins Organic Symptoms, .65 with Hypomania-Obvious, and .65 with Wiggins Psychoticism.
Assess somatic delusions rather than somatization found with neurotics. Should be called, "Somatic Delusions."
High scores are commonly observed in individuals experiencing health conditions. However, at times, younger participants may also exhibit such responses, potentially due to developmental immaturity or difficulties in comprehending the questions.

Your score is high, it indicates that the individual undergoing the test is experiencing unusual and bizarre perceptions, including both misperceptions and hallucinations. The individual is acutely aware of an external control over their physical and mental states, leading to changes in their physical self-image and a strong sense of unreality about themselves and their surroundings.

Ma. Subscale

Ma1 Ma2 Ma3 Ma4 Ma-o Ma-s 54 45 69 49 69 55 High Low

◆ Amorality(Ma1), T54
The "Ma1" subscale is specifically related to "Amorality". This subscale measures the individual's indifference towards their own and others' motives and objectives. It includes traits such as a blunt honesty that disarms others, and a denial of guilt. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may perceive others as selfish, dishonest, and opportunistic, and may feel justified in behaving similarly.
Actually, a high score can be seen as an indicator of active, flexible, and adaptable thinking. It's important to consider the cultural context when interpreting these scores. While it might suggest a lack of morality, it could also indirectly reflect a sense of dissatisfaction within the individual being tested. This "lack of morality" could potentially be a form of expressing discontent. Individuals with high scores tend to focus on their own interests, including those of people close to them or those they serve(for instance, lawyers might have higher scores) . They might seem indifferent to those with whom they have no relationship. However, it's crucial not to judge an individual's character solely based on this score.

Normal T-score.

◆ Psychomotor Acceleration(Ma2), T45
The "Ma2" subscale is specifically related to "Psychomotor Acceleration". This subscale measures the individual's tendency towards increased activity, rapid thought processes, and restlessness. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as impulsivity, talkativeness, and a high level of energy.
The second subscale of Hypomania(Ma) is indicative of active thinking. Given the normative considerations, scores below 70 are typically not problematic. However, scores exceeding this threshold may indicate a risk of mania.


Normal T-score.

◆ Imperturbability(Ma3), T69
This subscale measures the individual's level of emotional calmness and stability. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as emotional steadiness, calmness, and a lack of emotional reactivity.


Your score is high, it suggests that you are adept at adapting to your environment and enjoy social interactions. You exhibit confidence in navigating social situations. Your actions reflect careful consideration and a preference for independence. However, you may find it challenging to accept others' viewpoints and may demonstrate a lack of patience towards differing opinions.

◆ Ego Inflation(Ma4), T49
This subscale measures the individual's level of self-esteem and self-importance. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as overconfidence, arrogance, and a sense of superiority.
The fourth subscale of Hypomania(Ma) is indicative of individuals who score high often struggling to effectively analyze their own circumstances. They may harbor a sense of injustice and believe that they should be the ones upholding fairness. These individuals may feel misunderstood by others, potentially giving off an impression of being discontented or rebellious.

Normal T-score.

◆ Hypomania-Obvious(Ma-o), T69
Ma-O Hypomania-Obvious.
High: Poor impulse control, acting out, grandiose, thrill-seeking and exploitive.
Low: Denies having poor impulse control, or acting out, is not thrill-seeking, humble and practical.
Correlates .80 with Sc5 Defective Inhibition, .79 with Ma2 Psychomotor Acceleration, .71 with Ma, .69 with Wiggins Psychoticism, .69 with Ma4 Ego Inflation, .67 with Wiggins Manifest Hostility, and .66 with Wiggins Hypomania.
The correlations reflect the high degree of psychopathology in this scale, far more than Ma. These are the sorts of people who have a lot of energy, but shouldn't.
Your score is high, it suggests that the individual being tested exhibits certain cognitive biases.



◆ Hypomania-Subtle(Ma-s),T55
Ma-S Hypomania-Subtle.
High: Social imperturbability, extroverted, insensitive and thrill-seeking.
Low: Shy, insecure and indecisive. Correlates .83 with Ma, .53 with Ma3 Imperturbability, .51 with Pd3 Social Imperturbability, .47 with Ma2 Psychomotor Acceleration, .46 with Ma4 Ego Inflation, and -.45 with Si.
Ma-S, as with Hy1, Pd3, and Ma3, simply means extroversion in normals, but in the context of psychopathology, it means insensitivity.

Normal T-score.

Si. Subscale

Si1 Si2 Si3 52 65 38 High Low

◆ Shyness/Self-Consciousness, T52
The "Si1" subscale is specifically related to "Shyness/Self-Consciousness". This subscale measures the individual's level of social anxiety and discomfort. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as shyness, self-consciousness, and a tendency to avoid social situations.
When interpreting this subscale, it's crucial to differentiate between feelings of inferiority and apprehension. An individual might display introverted and self-deprecating behaviors, such as minimal interaction with others and limited verbal communication. These behaviors could stem from a fear of negatively impacting others, concerns about personal inadequacies, or a general reluctance to engage. A reluctance to engage might hint at depression, personal inadequacies could suggest feelings of inferiority, and the fear of impacting others could indicate apprehension. High scores in "inferiority" are more likely to lean towards apprehension, but the possibility of inferiority shouldn't be dismissed. This can be determined by considering the ratio of "no" responses. It's worth noting that many individuals might simultaneously experience feelings of inferiority and apprehension.

Normal T-score.

◆ Social Avoidance(Si2), T65
This subscale measures the individual's tendency to avoid social interactions and situations. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as social withdrawal, avoidance of social situations, and a preference for solitude.

Your score is high, it suggests that you may lack confidence, prefer solitude, and feel discomfort in crowded situations. You might not enjoy participating in activities with others and often avoid social interactions. There could also be a tendency to easily concede in situations.

◆ Alienation - Self and Others(si3), T38
This subscale measures the individual's feelings of alienation and estrangement from both themselves and others. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as feeling detached or disconnected from themselves and others.

Your score is low, it indicates that you enjoy social gatherings, are competitive and adventurous, and are flexible and active. However, you might have a tendency to blame others. Please note: The second and third Subscales of Social Introversion(Si) are designed to identify secondary issues that arise when an individual has excessive concerns. The second subscale focuses on interpersonal relationships, while the third subscale pertains to situations or events. Individuals with high scores often overthink, which can restrict their actions and subsequently impact their emotions.

③ MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical Scales

RCd RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC6 RC7 RC8 RC9 65 70 74 52 69 73 58 66 46 High Low

◆ Demoralization(RCd), T65    BACK
The "RCd" subscale is specifically related to "Demoralization. This subscale measures the individual's level of demoralization, which includes symptoms like low self-esteem, pessimism, and feeling overwhelmed. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as feeling discouraged, demoralized, pessimistic, having poor self-esteem, and feeling overwhelmed.

Your score is high, it indicates that you may be dissatisfied with your current situation and could be experiencing feelings of sadness and anxiety.

◆ Somatic Complaints(RC1), T70    BACK
The "RC1" subscale is specifically related to "Somatic Complaints". This subscale measures somatic complaints, which are physical symptoms that lack a clear medical explanation. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may complain of weakness, fatigue, and chronic pain. They may be prone toward somatization and may experience physical problems as a result of stress. However, this scale does not rule out physical disease.

Your score is high, it indicates that you are experiencing significant physical discomfort, typically related to the gastrointestinal or nervous system. Complaints of headaches are common, but fatigue is generally not a primary concern. This discomfort could be due to actual physical issues or could be psychologically based.

◆ Low Positive Emotions(RC2), T74    BACK
The "RC2" subscale is specifically related to "Low Positive Emotions". This subscale measures the degree to which an individual experiences negative emotions or lacks positive emotions. It evaluates feelings such as depression, pessimism, withdrawal, anhedonia(inability to feel pleasure), boredom, low energy, and indecisiveness. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit these behaviors.

Your score is high, it suggests a higher risk of depression. You might find little pleasure in life or social activities and may have limited contact with people you were once close to. You could be worried about a bleak future and see little chance for improvement, leading to a lack of motivation to make changes. You might feel listless, have poor sleep, and experience slowed mental activity. If your T score exceeds 75, the likelihood of depression and suicidal thoughts increases, and it's crucial to carefully assess any suicidal ideation.

◆ Cynicism(RC3), T52    BACK
The "RC3" subscale is specifically related to "Cynicism". This subscale measures cynicism, which is a general distrust of others' motives and intentions. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as negative attitudes towards others and a general sense of mistrust.

Normal T-score.

◆ Antisocial Behavior(RC4), T69    BACK
The "RC4" subscale is specifically related to "Antisocial Behavior". This scale measures aggressiveness, antagonism, argumentativeness, tendency to lie, cheat, difficulty conforming to societal norms, acting out, substance abuse, family conflicts and poor achievement. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit these behaviors.

Your score is high, it suggests that you may have a history of antisocial behavior and/or substance abuse. You might have a history of not adhering to social norms and rules, and your interactions with others could be characterized by controversy, criticism, or confrontation. This could result in a history of strained interpersonal relationships. Your family relationships might be tense or distant, and you may have had difficulties in school or work.

◆ Ideas of Persecution(RC6), T73    BACK
The "RC6" subscale is specifically related to "Ideas of Persecution". This subscale measures the degree to which an individual experiences paranoid thoughts and feelings of being persecuted or abused. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as feeling persecuted, suspicious, mistrustful, and may believe that others are out to harm them.

Your score is high, it suggests that you may have significant feelings of persecution, such as believing that others are causing you harm. As the score increases, the likelihood of experiencing paranoid delusions or other symptoms of psychosis also increases. High scores on the RC6 scale often indicate a tendency to doubt the motives of others, perceive malicious intent in their actions, and blame personal difficulties on others. This distrust can lead to interpersonal difficulties and a tendency to distance yourself from others. If your T score exceeds 80, it's crucial to carefully evaluate any presence of paranoid delusions or hallucinations.

◆ Dysfunctional Negative Emotions(RC7), T58    BACK
The "RC7" subscale is specifically related to "Dysfunctional Negative Emotions". This subscale measures the level of an individual's negative emotions, including symptoms of anxiety, depression, anger, and general distress. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as feeling discouraged, demoralized, pessimistic, having poor self-esteem, and feeling overwhelmed.

Normal T-score.

◆ Aberrant Experiences(RC8), T66    BACK
The "RC8" subscale is specifically related to "Aberrant Experiences". This subscale measures experiences that are often associated with psychotic disorders, such as hallucinations, bizarre perceptual experiences, delusional beliefs, and impaired reality testing. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit these behaviors.

Your score is high, particularly in the range of 65 to 74, it suggests that you may exhibit schizotypal features. You might report abnormal perceptions and thought processes, potentially including hallucinations or delusional beliefs. There could be signs of impaired reality testing. You might be described as anxious or depressed, find it difficult to trust others, and experience difficulties in interpersonal relationships and occupational functioning. If your T score exceeds 75, the likelihood of schizophrenia or other mental disorders increases along with the severity of cognitive and perceptual impairments. It would be advisable to consider medication evaluation, hospitalization, or intensive treatment.

◆ Hypomanic Activation(RC9), T46    BACK
The "RC9" subscale is specifically related to "Hypomanic Activation". This subscale measures various characteristics of hypomanic states, including grandiosity, sensation seeking, risk-taking, poor impulse control, euphoria, excitation, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, and aggression. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit these behaviors.

Normal T-score.

④ MMPI-2 Content Scales

anx frs obs dep hea biz ang cyn asp tpa lse sod fam wrk Trt 61 65 50 60 76 64 53 53 56 50 70 63 62 59 64 High Low

◆ Anxiety(ANX), T61    BACK

Normal T-score.

◆ Fears(FRS), T65    BACK

You have a high score, suggesting that you have specific fears, such as those related to blood, heights, open spaces, animals, leaving home, money, fire, storms, natural disasters, water, darkness, and impurity.

obs◆ Obsessiveness(OBS), TT50    BACK

Normal T-score.

◆ Depression(DEP), T60    BACK

Normal T-score.

◆ Health Concerns(HEA), T76    BACK

You have a high score, suggesting that you identify with a significant number of items related to somatic symptoms. You may be experiencing a variety of physical symptoms across different systems, such as gastrointestinal issues, nervous system symptoms, sensory problems, cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms, skin sensation issues, and pain.

◆ Bizarre Mentation(BIZ), T64    BACK

Normal T-score.

◆ Anger(ANG), T53    BACK

Normal T-score.

◆ Cynicism(CYN), T53    BACK

Normal T-score.

◆ Antisocial Practices(ASP), T56    BACK

Normal T-score.

◆ Type A(TPA), T50    BACK

Normal T-score.

◆ Low Self-esteem(LSE), T70    BACK

Your score is high, suggesting that you identify with a significant number of items related to low self-esteem or self-deprecation. You may have a low self-evaluation, feel unimportant, and harbor negative attitudes towards yourself. You might feel unattractive, unlikable, clumsy, inflexible, and perceive yourself as a burden to others. You may lack self-confidence and find it hard to accept others' explanations. You may often feel overwhelmed by your perceived shortcomings.

◆ Social Discomfort(SOD), T63    BACK

Normal T-score.

◆ Family Problems(FAM), T62    BACK

Normal T-score.

◆ Work Interference(WRK), T59    BACK

Normal T-score.

◆ Negative Treatment Indicators(TRT), T64    BACK

Normal T-score.

Frs. Subscale

Frs1 Frs2 81 49 High Low

◆ Generalized Fearfulness(FRS1), T81
The FRS1 subscale, also known as "Generalized Fearfulness", measures the tendency to interpret various events in daily life as dangerous and threatening.

Your score is high

◆ Multiple Fears(FRS2), T64
The FRS2 subscale, also known as "Multiple Fears", measures the tendency to experience fear in response to a variety of situations. The statement merely enumerates some of the relatively common sources and settings of fear, including phenomena like lightning, earthquakes, and specific animals.

Normal T-score.

Dep. Subscale

Dep1 Dep2 Dep3 Dep4 60 53 54 77 High Low

◆ Lack of Drive(DEP1), T60
This scale is associated with feelings of hopelessness, loss of interest, lack of enjoyment, lack of motivation, exhaustion, and anhedonia.

Normal T-score.

◆ Dysphoria(DEP2), T53
This scale measures feelings of sadness, melancholy, and unhappiness.

Normal T-score.

◆ Self-Depreciation(DEP3), T54 This scale relates to inappropriate feelings of guilt and self-deprecation about past behaviors.

Normal T-score.

◆ Suicidal Ideation(DEP4), T77
This scale measures recent or current thoughts about death or suicide.

You have a high score, indicating a sense of pessimism about the future. This pessimism could potentially lead to thoughts of death or suicide. Given the high score, there may be a risk of suicidal tendencies, thus necessitating an assessment of suicide risk and initial preventative measures.

HEA. Subscale

HEA1 HEA2 HEA3 64 72 87 High Low

◆ Gastrointestinal Symptoms(HEA1), T64
This scale measures symptoms related to the gastrointestinal system, such as nausea and constipation.

Normal T-score.

◆ Neurological Symptoms(HEA2), T72
This scale assesses experiences related to neurological disorders, including sensory and motor experiences.

You have a high score, indicating that you may be experiencing sensory and motor issues, loss of consciousness, and other head-related problems. If your HEA2 score is higher than the clinical scales 2,8,HEA, HEA1, and HEA3, a neuropsychological assessment may be recommended.

◆ General Health Concerns(HEA3), T87
This scale measures exaggerated general concerns about illness or disease.

You have a high score, suggesting that you may have significant concerns about your health condition.

BIZ. Subscale

BIZ1 BIZ2 65 54 High Low

◆ Psychotic Symptomatology(BIZ1), T65
This scale measures symptoms related to psychotic experiences.

You have a high score, which indicates that you may be experiencing symptoms commonly associated with schizophrenia or other forms of psychosis. These symptoms could include auditory, visual, or olfactory hallucinations, delusions of persecution and control, as well as other symptoms like overly divergent thinking and thought withdrawal.

◆ Schizotypal Characteristics(BIZ2), T54
This scale assesses experiences related to schizotypal personality characteristics.

Normal T-score.

ANG. Subscale

ANG1 ANG2 54 54 High Low

◆ Explosive Behavior(ANG1), T54
This scale measures the tendency towards explosive behavior and severe arguments.

Normal T-score.

◆ Irritability(ANG2), T54
This scale assesses the tendency to get easily frustrated and irritated.

Normal T-score.

CYN. Subscale

CYN1 CYN2 56 49 High Low

◆ Misanthropic Beliefs (CYN1), T56
This scale measures the tendency towards misanthropic or pessimistic beliefs about human nature.

Normal T-score.

◆ Interpersonal Suspiciousness(CYN2), T49
This scale assesses the tendency to be suspicious or wary of others' intentions.

Normal T-score.

ASP. Subscale

ASP1 ASP2 58 51 High Low

◆ Antisocial Attitudes(ASP1), T58
This scale measures antisocial beliefs or attitudes, including a lack of respect for law and authority, and leniency towards criminals.

Normal T-score.

◆ Antisocial Behavior(ASP2), T51
This scale assesses involvement in antisocial behavior, including reporting problems related to school, potential legal issues, and possible substance abuse.

Normal T-score.

TPA. Subscale

TPA1 TPA2 52 52 High Low

◆ Impatience(TPA1), T52
This scale measures the tendency to show irritation and dislike for waiting or standing in line.

Normal T-score.

◆ Competitive Drive(TPA2), T52
This scale assesses the level of competitiveness and drive in interpersonal relationships.

Normal T-score.

LSE. Subscale

LSE1 LSE2 75 63 High Low

◆ Self-Doubt(LSE1), T75
This scale measures the tendency towards self-doubt and feelings of inadequacy.

You have a high score, suggesting that you may have a negative approach to situations and perceive yourself as inferior or not up to the task.

◆ Submissiveness(LSE2), T63
This scale assesses the tendency to be submissive and passive in interpersonal relationships.

Normal T-score.

SOD. Subscale

SOD1 SOD2 64 55 High Low

◆ Introversion(SOD1), T64
This scale measures the tendency to be introverted and to distance oneself from others.

Normal T-score.

◆ Shyness(SOD2), T55
This scale assesses the level of discomfort and difficulty one experiences in social situations.

Normal T-score.

FAM. Subscale

FAM1 FAM2 62 68 High Low

◆ Family Discord(FAM1), T62
This scale measures the level of discord or conflict within the family.

Normal T-score.

◆ Familial Alienation(FAM2), T68
This scale assesses feelings of alienation or estrangement within the family.

You have a high score, suggesting that you may have severed ties with your family and have not found a new source of emotional support. You may experience loneliness, have few or no friends, and engage in self-destructive behaviors such as suicide attempts(in females) or chronic alcohol and marijuana abuse(in males) . There may also be a history of physical(in males) and sexual(in females) abuse.

TRT. Subscale

TRT1 TRT2 56 53 High Low

◆ Low Motivation(TRT1), T56
This scale measures the level of motivation towards treatment.

Normal T-score.

◆ Inability to Disclose(TRT2), T53
This scale assesses the difficulty one experiences in opening up or disclosing personal information during treatment.

Normal T-score.

⑤ MMPI-2 Supplementary Scales

a r es mac_r aas aps mds ho o_h do re mt gm gf pk ps 54 54 39 78 72 36 68 61 52 30 32 61 38 0 58 64 High Low

◆ Anxiety（A), T54     BACK
A(Anxiety) : Measures manifest anxiety and depression.

Normal T-score.

◆ Repression（R), T54     BACK
Measures the use of defense mechanisms such as repression, denial, and rationalization.

Normal T-score.

◆ Ego-Strength(Es), T39     BACK
ES: This scale is an overall measure of the individual's ability to cope with stress and function in everyday life.

Your low score on the MMPI-2 suggests that you may struggle with psychological integration and have difficulties handling problems and coping with situational stress. You may be more vulnerable than the average person and often find yourself in a state of chronic stress. You might lack confidence, have a poor self-concept, feel useless, and often experience feelings of gloominess and helplessness. Your thinking may be confused, and you may suffer from chronic physical illnesses, fatigue, fear, and loneliness. You may be indecisive and often feel disappointed about your inability to adapt to various situations. You might find it challenging to cooperate with healthcare professionals and may lack the motivation to improve your situation. Healthcare professionals working with you should focus on helping you rebuild your sense of self. If you are male, you may exhibit traditionally feminine behaviors, be polite, gentle, devout, rigid, and often exaggerate your misfortunes when seeking help. However, these behaviors are usually not situationally induced but are closely related to your personality traits. You may verbally express a desire to cooperate with healthcare professionals and strive for improvement, but often fail to achieve the expected results. At times, you may underestimate your psychological resources, feel a need for help, which could result in a lower score on the Es scale and a higher score on the F scale.
An extremely low score on the Es scale suggests that you either recognize or indeed lack the ability to handle stress. If the Es scale is high and there is no observable positive change during the treatment period, it may be necessary to reconsider the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis, as it could indicate a psychotic disorder or mixed neurosis.
However, it's important to note that an extremely low score on the Es scale may give an impression of excessive weakness, which could be related to not responding to many items or randomly answering too many items with 'yes'.

◆ Alcoholism Revised.（MAC-R) , T78     BACK
Measures an addiction-prone personality.

Your high score on the MMPI-2 suggests a strong psychological inclination that could potentially lead to the misuse of psychoactive substances. A T score in the range of 65 to 70 indicates that your lifestyle could potentially put you at risk for issues such as alcohol and drug abuse. However, it's important to note that a high score on the MAC-R scale merely indicates a potential for such issues to arise, and does not necessarily mean that you are currently facing these problems.

◆ Addiction Admission(AAS), T72     BACK
This scale measures the individual's willingness to acknowledge substance abuse.

Your high score on the MMPI-2 suggests that you acknowledge having serious issues with alcohol and drug abuse. A T score in the range of 65 to 69 indicates that you admit to having some problems with alcohol and drug abuse. A high score on the AAS scale demonstrates your awareness of these issues and your willingness to allow the assessor to understand these aspects of your situation.

◆ Addiction Potential(APS), T36     BACK
This scale measures the individual's overall potential for substance abuse.

Normal T-score.If an individual taking the test is already struggling with alcohol or drug abuse, it suggests that their substance abuse is primarily driven by psychological distress, rather than being an inherent pattern of behavior.

◆ Marital Distress(MDS), T68     BACK
MDS: This scale measures the level of distress in the individual's marital relationship.

Your assessment results are on the higher end, indicating potential marital challenges and difficulties. The Marital Distress Scale(MDS) provides a more direct reflection of marital issues compared to the Psychopathic Deviate(Pd) and Psychasthenia(PAM) scales. The MDS is specifically designed for individuals who are married, separated, or divorced. A T-score ranging from 65 to 69 suggests that the individual perceives some issues in their marriage. A T-score of 70 or higher signifies that the individual perceives their marriage as unhappy with numerous problems.

◆ Hostility(Ho), T61     BACK
Ho: This scale measures the individual's tendency to express anger and hostility towards others.

Normal T-score.

◆ Overcontrolled Hostility(O-H), T52     BACK
This scale measures the individual's tendency to suppress feelings of anger and hostility.

Normal T-score.

◆ Dominance(Do), T30     BACK
This scale measures the individual's tendency to take control or be dominant in relationships.

Your low score on the MMPI-2 suggests that you may often require assistance from others when dealing with personal matters, a trait commonly observed among individuals seeking therapeutic intervention. A low score typically indicates a strong dependency, reflecting traits such as a lack of self-confidence, humility, and reticence. You might exhibit a lack of interest, slow thinking and action, and a tendency to avoid stressful situations and decision-making tasks. In face-to-face interactions, you may come across as lacking assertiveness, often unable to defend your rights or maintain your viewpoints, and may be easily swayed by others' opinions. You may lack self-confidence, exhibit a pessimistic outlook, have low efficiency in handling tasks, and tend to adhere to established norms when addressing problems. You may find it challenging to tackle difficult tasks, often retreating from them. You may also be reluctant to assume responsibility for situations or people around you, and may struggle with confronting reality.

◆ Social Responsibility（Re), T32     BACK
Re(Social Responsibility) : This scale measures the individual's level of responsibility in social settings.

Your low score on the MMPI-2 suggests an unwillingness to take responsibility for the consequences of your actions, a lack of reliability, and a diminished sense of trustworthiness and collective responsibility. Your values may be easily influenced and altered by others. If you are a younger individual, you may reject the values of older generations; if you are older, you may reject traditional values and lean towards recently established values, resisting the influence of new religious or political perspectives. It's noteworthy that scores on the Responsibility scale(Re) may be lower(T score 45-55) for individuals under the age of 25, often reflecting a divergence in personal values from their parents.
Individuals seeking help at mental health centers often exhibit disagreement with certain items due to life setbacks, resulting in scores within this range.
It's important to consider the relationship between this score and other clinical scales, particularly the Psychopathic Deviate(Pd) scale. If the Pd scale score exceeds 75 and the Re scale score is less than 55, it could suggest a propensity for rebellious behavior."

◆ College Maladjustment(MT), T61     BACK
Mt(College Maladjustment) : This scale measures the individual's level of adjustment to college.

Normal T-score.

◆ Gender Role – Masculine(GM), T38     BACK
GM(Gender Role – Masculine) : This scale measures the individual's identification with traditionally masculine roles.

Normal T-score.

◆ Gender Role – Feminine(GF), T0     BACK
GF(Gender Role – Feminine) : This scale measures the individual's identification with traditionally feminine roles.

Normal T-score.

◆ Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – Keane (PK), T58     BACK
PK(Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – Keane) : This scale measures symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder.

The PK scale is primarily used to differentiate individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder from those without such symptoms. Normal T-score.

◆ Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – Davidson(PS), T64     BACK
PS (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder – Davidson) : This scale measures symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder.

The PS scale is primarily used to distinguish between individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder accompanied by other mental health conditions and those solely suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Normal T-score.

⑥ MMPI-2 PSY-5

AGGR PSYC DISC NEGE INTR 41 69 60 57 73 High Low

◆ Aggressiveness(AGGR), T41     BACK
Aggressiveness: Measures the tendency towards physical aggression and hostility.

Your low score indicates that you may exhibit relatively high social aggressiveness by fearlessly engaging with others. However, this aggressiveness does not stem from hostile or domineering motives. You may be able to adapt to relationships with others on an equal footing, where the achievement of common personal goals is anticipated.

◆ Psychoticism(PSYC), T69     BACK
Psychoticism: Assesses unusual beliefs and experiences, eccentricity, and cognitive slippage.

Your high score suggests that you may appear unusual in your appearance, behavior, and beliefs. You may be deeply engrossed in fantasies and daydreams, possibly indicating a disconnection from reality. Your relationships with others may be characterized by extreme caution, distance, covert hostility, and a propensity to feel abused and dissatisfied.

◆ Constraint(DISC), T60     BACK
ConstrainT Evaluates the tendency to control impulsive behavior and to adhere to societal norms.

Normal T-score.

◆ Negative emotionality/ Neuroticism(NEGE), T57     BACK
Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism: Measures the propensity to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, anger, and sadness.

Normal T-score.

◆ Positive Emotionality/Extraversion(INTR), T73     BACK
Positive Emotionality/Extraversion: Assesses the tendency to experience positive emotions and to be active and outgoing.

Your high score suggests that you may feel uncomfortable in social situations and tend to avoid them. Your relationships are likely distant but not hostile, and when interaction is unavoidable, you may respond in an indifferent manner. This could be indicative of a lack of emotional responsiveness. Your emotional life may be undisturbed.

⑦ MMPI-2-Koss-Butcher Critical Items    BACK

KB1 KB2 KB3 KB4 KB5 KB6 9/17 8/22 0/5 6/7 4/11 4/16 High Low

◆ KB1:Acute Anxiety Scale, T9/17
*Normal T-score.
**Test taker reports:
***Test taker reports normal levels of acute anxiety.

**Empirical correlates:
***Normal.

**Diagnostic considerations:
***None.

**Treatment considerations:
***None.

◆ KB2:Depressed Suicidal Ideation, T8/22
*Low T-score.
**Test taker reports:
***Test taker reports generally positive mood and no suicidal ideation.

**Empirical correlates:
***Normal.

**Diagnostic considerations:
***None.

**Treatment considerations:
***None.

◆ KB3:Threatened Assault, T0/5
*Very low T-score.
**Test taker reports:
***Test taker reports very low levels of anger and aggression, possibly to the point of being overly passive.

**Empirical correlates:
***May show very little variability in aggressive impulses.
***Responses may appear overly positive.

**Diagnostic considerations:
***Evaluate for potential under-reporting of aggressive tendencies.

**Treatment considerations:
***Test taker may benefit from interventions aimed at maintaining healthy emotional regulation and addressing any underlying issues.

◆ KB4:Situational Stress Due to Alcoholism, T6/7
*Very high T-score.
**Test taker reports:
***Test taker reports experiencing pervasive and intense situational stress due to alcoholism.

**Empirical correlates:
***Is highly likely to experience severe stress related to alcohol use.
***May have significant difficulties in managing daily responsibilities and relationships due to alcohol-related stress.
***Is likely to report frequent conflicts and emotional distress related to alcohol use.

**Diagnostic considerations:
***Evaluate for alcohol use disorder and related stress disorders.

**Treatment considerations:
***Test taker may benefit from substance abuse treatment programs, stress management techniques, and possibly psychotherapy.

◆ KB5:Mental Confusion, T4/11
*Low T-score.
**Test taker reports:
***Test taker reports generally low levels of cognitive impairments and no significant issues related to alcoholism.

**Empirical correlates:
***Normal.

**Diagnostic considerations:
***None.

**Treatment considerations:
***None.

◆ KB6:Persecutory Ideas, T4/16
*Low T-score.
**Test taker reports:
***Test taker reports generally low levels of paranoia and no significant persecutory ideas related to alcoholism.

**Empirical correlates:
***Normal.

**Diagnostic considerations:
***None.

**Treatment considerations:
***None.

⑧ MMPI-2-Lachar-Wrobel Critical Items    BACK

lw1 lw2 lw3 lw4 lw5 lw6 lw7 lw8 lw9 lw10 lw11 5/11 7/16 3/6 4/14 1/10 2/3 1/9 4/4 0/4 3/6 13/23 High Low

Your Two point Codes: 84

Non-prominent coding: Unlike prominent coding, this does not hold as much clinical value as it lacks a consistent pattern.

84： Individuals with a 48/84 profile often display behaviors that appear strange and distinctive, frequently engaging in unusual ritualistic actions. Their behavior is erratic and elusive, and they may partake in antisocial activities (performing actions that contravene societal norms through inappropriate means). These actions are typically impulsive and lack planning, but their methods can be malicious. Consequently, these individuals may pose a societal risk. They may display signs of sexual inversion or compulsiveness, social withdrawal, or isolation. When scoring high on the 8th scale, they may also exhibit cognitive impairments, memory disorders, disorganized thinking, and other pronounced symptoms of schizophrenia. These individuals are typically diagnosed with schizophrenia and may also show strong paranoid delusions. In the absence of psychotic symptoms, they could potentially be exhibiting early signs of other mental disorders.

⑪ Three point Codes    BACK

841

Non-prominent coding: Unlike prominent coding, this does not hold as much clinical value as it lacks a consistent pattern.

841： Extremely uncommon, with no explanation of the associated code.

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