1. Hs(1) Hypochondriasis:T94    BACK
"Hs" stands for Hypochondriasis, which is the first clinical scale in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI) . This scale is designed to evaluate an individual's excessive concern with bodily functions and their fear of suffering from a severe illness, even when they have received medical reassurance to the contrary.

The individual taking the test has scored high on the Hypochondriasis(Hs) scale, indicating an unusual concern for personal bodily functions or vague hypochondriacal complaints. These individuals' complaints include loss of appetite, insomnia, fatigue, and low mood. They tend to feel more fatigued than others when facing high work pressure, giving an impression of being delicate.
** High Hs scores suggest that the test taker has many unclear physical discomforts. If the Hysteria(Hy) score is high, the physical discomfort may be exaggerated. These discomforts are often chronic, and psychological counseling is usually ineffective.
** Individuals with high Hs scores are generally unhappy, self-centered, selfish, hostile, demanding, sympathetic, complaining, and attempt to gain sympathy.
** High Hs scorers can also be passive, withdrawn, and have little contact with others. Those with real internal diseases can also have high Hs scores.
** High Hs scores usually indicate a strong psychological component. Some physical symptoms, such as feeling pain all day, may be considered as disc herniation, or conditions like diabetes may be exacerbated by psychological factors.
** The physical complaints of patients with high Hs scores must be taken seriously to avoid misdiagnosing them as having purely psychosomatic diseases.
** High Hs scores are also common in individuals who are generally weak, have psychomotor retardation, and are depressed(often accompanied by high scores on the Depression(D) scale) . These individuals are anxious, lack confidence, are contradictory, have conflicting emotions but do not infringe on others, are introverted and self-protective, and cannot make contact, among other negative emotions.
** An Hs score higher than 65 accompanied by a high D score often indicates that the individual is depressed because they didn't get something they wanted. Even though the pathological mechanism is not psychotic depression, this type of depression can only be treated with medication.
** A high Hs score accompanied by a significantly low score on the Depression(D) scale suggests that the somatic disease(symptoms) is unrelated to depression.

2. D(2) depression: T72    BACK
D(2) Depression: This scale is used to assess the level of depression in an individual, which can include symptoms such as feelings of hopelessness, low mood, lack of energy, and sleep disturbances.
This characteristic is especially true when the scores of scales 1 and 7 are simultaneously high. The content of scale 2 is also related to feelings of listlessness, helplessness, depression, discomfort, expressionless demeanor, and denial of optimistic emotions. The score of scale 2 is related to the mood at the time of the test.

The individual taking the test has scored high on the Depression(D) scale.
** Those who score high on this scale generally lack positive emotions and tend to be pessimistic, both towards themselves and others. They may feel guilty about their past behaviors and thoughts, and may exhibit symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, especially when they also score high on Scale 7.
** Such individuals often feel useless and attempt to withdraw from social activities. They are reluctant to take on business responsibilities and often spend a lot of time dealing with sleep issues. Sometimes, they may also exhibit indecisiveness; this is particularly evident when their T-score exceeds 75, to the point where they struggle to make decisions even on minor matters. They often seek help but are unwilling to actively cooperate.
** High scorers on this scale also feel disturbed by daily life matters. They experience severe physical discomfort even when doing a little work. If anorexia occurs, antidepressants are very effective. Acute depressive episodes, especially when Scale 7 also scores high, can spontaneously alleviate. However, scores on other clinical scales must be below 60.
** For test subjects with a score of 70 or more on this scale, it is recommended to see a doctor to prevent their cerebral cortex from solidifying in a depressive state as soon as possible. It's always crucial to interpret these scores in the context of the individual's overall mental health and life circumstances.

3. Hy(3) refers to hysteria, T96    BACK
Hy(3),It's part of the factor scales used to test an individual's psychological maturity, including aspects such as dependency, naivety, immaturity, ego, and lack of self-awareness.
Hysteria, also known as Dissociative Conversion Disorder, is characterized by a strong self-suggestibility. It can lead to dissociative and conversion symptoms under the influence of internal conflicts or external event stimuli.

The individual taking the test has scored high on the Hysteria(Hy) scale.
** This indicates a defensive neurosis, where external stress is dealt with through denial and repression. High Hy scorers often exhibit dependency, naivety, extroversion, immaturity, and self-absorption. Their interpersonal relationships are frequently disrupted, and they lack self-awareness. Under high stress, they often exhibit physical symptoms. They display a low level of psychological maturity and tend to interpret psychological issues as physical problems.
** The Hy scale includes many somatic complaint items(shared with Scale 1) . Therefore, a high Hy score alone is not sufficient to indicate conversion or dissociative symptoms of hysteria.
** Individuals with high scores on this scale often have many physical symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, back pain, etc., which often appear during menstruation. If the patient is female, there may also be many dramatic symptoms(such as psychogenic insomnia, paralysis, or loss of sensation) . These symptoms are more common in general hospitals and less common in psychiatric hospitals.
** Patients with high scores on this scale often cannot control their resentment and tension. These individuals appear very friendly and sociable on the surface, and are talkative and enthusiastic. However, they also exhibit self-centeredness, immaturity, narcissism, and lack self-awareness. Hysterical personalities often have sexual charm, especially towards doctors of the opposite sex. This is more apparent if both Scales 3 and 4 have high scores. If Scale 6 score is reduced, the individual may have periodic outbursts of rage, suicide threats or attempts.
** Individuals with high scores on this scale often have marital problems and are prone to complain about authority figures. However, they often try to please others during conversations. In medical units, they often complain about doctors or other staff.
** Individuals with high scores on this scale often tell doctors how past medical staff were not good, while the current doctor is obviously more competent and polite. However, as time passes, they complain about the past in front of newer doctors. These individuals often lack self-awareness of their behavior and complain that others say they have psychological problems. Patients with high scores on this scale often have combined repression and high scores on the K and L scales.

Please note:
** Long-term high scores on this scale are often related to family education or long-term feelings of being wronged.
** Overindulgence in the family can lead to high Hy scores.
** High Hy scores caused by feelings of being wronged often result in Hy being the highest scoring item(first place in the T-score order table), with other clinical scale scores being normal or low.
** If Hy scores alone are high, the test subject may be in a state of narrow-mindedness. It is recommended that the test subject retest after a month to determine the true state.
** Especially when the Hy score is higher than 67, it suggests that the test subject currently feels wronged, their thinking becomes narrow, they behave immaturely, feel unbalanced, find it difficult to interact deeply with others, and need comfort. It's always crucial to interpret these scores in the context of the individual's overall mental health and life circumstances.

4. Pd(4) refers to psychopathic deviate, T105    BACK
Pd(4), It's part of the factor scales used to test an individual's psychological maturity, including aspects such as rebelliousness, impulsivity, and disregard for social norms.
Psychopathic Deviate, also known as Antisocial Personality Disorder, is characterized by a strong disregard for rules and social norms. It can lead to destructive and impulsive behaviors under the influence of internal conflicts or external event stimuli.

The individual taking the test has scored high on the Psychopathic Deviate(Pd) scale.
** This indicates certain personality disorders. They may appear outgoing, sociable, and charming, but can also be insincere, pretentious, pleasure-seeking, attention-seeking, and exhibit poor judgment. They can be untrustworthy, immature, deliberate, aggressive, and provocative. They often struggle with marriage and family relationships, violate laws, and high scorers reflect persistent personality problems that are extremely difficult to treat.
** The test subject is unwilling to accept traditional social values, does not conform to customs, and often violates some social norms. They may exhibit characteristics such as irritability, impulsivity, recklessness, and lack of patience, especially when their desires are not met. Their actions lack planning and careful consideration. They are brave in innovation, dare to think and act, but easily overlook the consequences. They are self-centered, do not obey authority, lack deep and long-term responsibility. They are hyperactive, energetic, and give a good first impression.
** High scorers on the Pd scale often have revengeful and aggressive ideas, and often start to exhibit behavioral violations before the age of 15. They cannot accept peers, and have difficulties in marriage and work. They exhibit poor judgment and impulsive behavior, and also show self-love and self-centeredness. These individuals may show suicidal tendencies under stress but are not depressed, and have a vengeful heart towards others. They often retaliate when others do not support their goals.
** High scorers on this scale sometimes also show conformity, interest in others, but this interest is limited to trying to benefit from others. This purpose is often temporary and impulsive. Some high scorers on this scale may have high intelligence, but they are cynical, often infringe on others, and are prone to troubles, especially when certain events in their circumstances affect their lives.
** Some high scorers on this scale can also transform their domineering, powerful, and conforming personality traits into positive social factors. They should release this psychological energy through appropriate channels, engage in creative work, or pursue hobbies in art and literature, to reduce conflicts with society and self-harm. These individuals may also become successful psychologists, doctors, salespeople, and other professions that deal with people. At this time, it is not clinically appropriate to diagnose as Pd.

Please note:
Scores greater than 65 points may exhibit a certain level of aggression. It's always crucial to interpret these scores in the context of the individual's overall mental health and life circumstances.

5. Mf(5) masculinization: TT62    BACK
Mf(5) Masculinization. This scale is designed to evaluate an individual's tendency towards masculinity.

The test subject's score falls within the normal range, suggesting that their psychological and personality traits align with their biological gender. They do not typically exhibit characteristics associated with the opposite sex, nor do they overly display extreme tendencies of their own gender. They possess a calm and natural personality, without any awkwardness. The subject's gender-related personality traits align with typical female characteristics, demonstrating meticulousness, gentleness, and a sense of competitiveness.

6. Pa(6) paranoia: T63    BACK
Pa(6) Paranoia. This scale is designed to evaluate an individual's tendency towards delusional thinking.

The test subject's score falls within the normal range, suggesting that they typically exhibit rationality and objectivity, have trust in others, do not succumb to fanatical delusions, are pragmatic, adhere to established norms, and demonstrate propriety and reasonableness.
Please note:
This item falls within the last three items on the T-score sequence table, with a score ranging between 40-45. This suggests that the test subject is characterized by happiness, balance, sincerity, organization, maturity, and rationality. They display trustworthiness and loyalty in problem-solving, and exhibit caution, adherence to tradition, and self-control. However, they may lack a strong sense of self-identification, are susceptible to the influence of others' ideologies, and due to their loyalty and traditional values, they may lack ambition.

7. Pt(7) psychasthenia: T99    BACK
Pt(7) Psychasthenia. This scale is designed to evaluate an individual's tendency towards mental exhaustion or fatigue.

The test subject scored high on the Psychasthenia(Pt) scale.
The subject tends to lose enthusiasm more easily, leading to a sense of passion exhaustion. They are more likely to experience stress at work, and display significant signs of irritability, anxiety, and complaints. This can result in difficulties in persisting with tasks, a lack of patience, indecisiveness, and hesitation, particularly when facing service-oriented roles such as nursing. They often exhibit poor attitudes, and their likelihood of resignation is relatively higher than others.
The subject needs effective methods to alleviate stress.
Note: Due to the high stress and resulting anxiety symptoms, the effectiveness of anti-anxiety medication may be limited. It may be beneficial to consider approaches that aim to enhance psychological resilience.
** Individuals with high scores on the Pt scale often exhibit obsessive thoughts, extreme anxiety, repetitive thinking, terror, rigidity, and high levels of tension. They frequently self-blame, experience guilt, feelings of inferiority, and unease. If combined with a high score on the Depression(D) scale, they may also exhibit signs of depression. Various symbolic or specific fears will also be reflected in this scale score.
** Individuals with high scores on scale 7 are often neurotic and easily agitated, with pronounced physical or physiological symptoms such as anxiety, sweating, palpitations, and panic. Due to their frequent high tension, individuals with high Pt scores often struggle with concentration, problem-solving, planning, and understanding and identifying the direction of surrounding matters. This further exacerbates their anxiety.
** Individuals with high scores on scale 7 often experience guilt, depression, and perfectionist demands on themselves and objective matters, and lack confidence. They often display an excessive focus on orderliness, cleanliness, neatness, attention to detail, and caution. However, they lack creativity or quick-wittedness, and often struggle with decision-making or exhibit hesitation. They tend to worry about every matter and experience difficulty in taking action.
** High scores on scale 7 can also be associated with various physical issues, often focusing on internal organs such as the heart, intestines, and stomach, or complaints of insomnia, headaches, and weakness. If these individuals have conditions like bronchial asthma, episodes can be triggered by anxiety.
** High T scorers on this scale may use their own wisdom and rationalization abilities as a protective mechanism, making it challenging for them to undergo psychotherapy.

8. Sc(8) schizophrenia: T108    BACK
Sc(8) Schizophrenia. This scale is designed to evaluate an individual's tendency towards schizophrenia.
This assessment primarily evaluates the extent to which the test taker's thought processes are integrated with their objective environment. Concurrently, a lack of coherence in thought can contribute to a higher score. Many individuals who score high on this scale may, due to factors like their living conditions or level of psychological maturity, engage in excessive fantasizing or employ psychological defenses to avoid reality. They typically lean towards positive outcomes when making decisions, and negative information or information that could be detrimental to them is often obscured by their idealized perception of the world. These individuals often exhibit a pattern of overthinking and underacting.
The test subject scored high on the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale.
** The subject tends to idealize to a significant extent, with their thoughts often being disconnected from and contradictory to reality. They frequently immerse themselves in a fantasized life, engaging in daydreams that lack a basis in reality. This can lead to feelings of distress and dissatisfaction, and the potential for severe psychological disorders cannot be excluded.
** The subject often struggles to remember their own commitments and the expectations of others. Similarly, during psychological treatment, the evaluations and guidance provided by the therapist are often forgotten, leading to less effective treatment outcomes. It is recommended to establish a reminder system for the subject.
** High scores on the Sc scale often coincide with high scores(above 65) on the F scale. If only the score on scale 8 is high without an elevated T score on the F scale, it often suggests a schizotypal personality. These individuals typically have few friends, experience loneliness, are often misunderstood, and face rejection. They frequently avoid new environments or situations that involve emotional interactions with others.
** Please note: If the test subject's score exceeds 95, they may exhibit erratic responses and potentially feign negative behavior during the assessment.

9. Ma(9) hypomania: T45    BACK
Ma(9) Hypomania. This scale is designed to evaluate an individual's tendency towards hypomania.
The test subject scored high on the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale.
** This test can be utilized to evaluate individuals exhibiting hypomanic behavior. This includes characteristics such as rich associative thinking, excessive behavior, an inflated sense of self, heightened mood, overly loud speech, impulsivity, a surge in thoughts, increased activity levels, indifference towards pessimistic events, and volatile emotions.
** This item reflects the speed at which the brain processes information. When it coincides with a high or low score on the Depression(D) scale in the T-score sequence table, it indicates a level of emotional activity. It does not have a strong correlation with introversion or extroversion.
** The score on this item is influenced by the means and volume of information the test subject was exposed to during their developmental years. Young adults generally score higher on this item compared to older adults. This is attributed to advancements in technology, the refinement of information mediums, and the increasing volume of information available, requiring the brain to utilize more resources for information processing.

The test subject's score falls within the normal range, suggesting that they exhibit a tranquil and reserved personality, a gentle and affable disposition, and a natural and appropriate demeanor. They approach matters with caution, demonstrate self-control and discipline, and maintain emotional balance. They exhibit calmness and objectivity in their dealings, do not shy away from excitement, but generally display a calm and steady demeanor. They are not overly talkative and remain grounded in reality.

0. Si(0) social introversion: T63    BACK
Si(0) Social Introversion a concept from the MMPI scale(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) . "Social Introversion" can be understood as introverted personality, and the term "social" is added to indicate that the individual exhibits an introverted personality in social environments.
The Social Introversion Si scale is used to assess the degree of personality introversion and extroversion.
This study assesses the degree to which participants acknowledge and internalize rules throughout their developmental process. Participants who have undergone strict traditional education or have experiences of caring for others tend to score higher in this study. Conversely, only children, often pampered and subjected to a more lenient educational environment, typically score lower.
Individuals who adhere to rules often exhibit more caution when addressing problems, leading to a certain level of restraint and less assertiveness in their actions. This may result in a seemingly introverted demeanor, but it is not indicative of an introverted personality. Moreover, participants with high Si scores, due to their cautious thought process, may exhibit slower cognitive responses. Typically, these individuals also display signs of psychomotor retardation.
It's important to note that the rules acknowledged by these individuals are not necessarily societal norms; they could also be personal rules set by the participants themselves. For instance, a participant with high scores in both Sc and Si might adhere to rules they've imagined or idealized. Furthermore, rule-abiding individuals are not necessarily submissive; they often have clear boundaries for what they expect from others and show little tolerance for those who overstep these boundaries.

The participant's score falls within the normal range, indicating that they are characterized by a calm and affable demeanor, lack of impulsivity, and strong self-control. While they may not be the most active in social settings, they find it relatively easy to engage with others and often succeed in preserving their personal space within a group.

② Clinical Scale Subscales

D. Subscales

D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D-o D-s 75 51 70 75 53 75 48 High Low

◆ Subjective Depression(D1), T75
Subjective Depression(D1) in psychology typically refers to an individual's self-perceived depressive emotions or mood states. This may include feelings of sadness, helplessness, despair, loss of interest or pleasure, and more. These feelings can impact an individual's daily life, including sleep, diet, work, and interpersonal relationships. Subjective depression is a crucial component of diagnosing depression but can also be a symptom of other mental health issues.

Your score is high, indicating that you often experience feelings of inferiority and low self-esteem. You may lack passion and courage in your actions, tend to have a pessimistic outlook, and perceive your mental processes as slow. This could suggest a lack of ability in problem-solving.

◆ Psychomotor Retardation(D2), T51
Psychomotor Retardation(D2) in psychology typically refers to a slowing down of an individual's thought process and physical movements. This can be due to various reasons such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, or other mental health issues. This can impact an individual's daily life, including learning, working, and social activities.
It's important to note that the response speed discussed here encompasses two scenarios: one where the brain's information processing speed is slow, and another where the brain's processing speed isn't slow, but the volume of information being processed is substantial. Participants with high Si scores may encounter this issue as they often consider multiple factors when making decisions. If a participant harbors suicidal thoughts, even if they're merely ideations, it's crucial to be vigilant about suicide prevention, especially when the D2 score is high. These individuals may struggle to control their impulses.

Normal T-score.

◆ Physical Discomfort(D3), T70
Physical Discomfort(D3) . It typically refers to the subjective experience of physical discomfort or distress. This can include a wide range of sensations such as pain, fatigue, or general unease, and may be associated with various psychological conditions such as anxiety or depression.

The discussion here pertains to the somatization of depression, where various types of depression often present as forms of discomfort. It's crucial to differentiate this from "hypochondriasis(Hs) ". While Hs primarily involves concern, the focus here is more on the experience of discomfort. Hs encompasses a wide range of sensations(including discomfort, fatigue, pleasure, unusual sensations, etc.), whereas the discussion here is solely about the expression of discomfort akin to physical illness. Physical discomfort is a sub-scale of depression, intended to reflect the somatization aspects of depression. However, at times, certain physical discomforts not associated with depression may also be represented here. Naturally, feelings of discomfort will invariably impact emotions, necessitating careful discernment in their application.

Your score is high, it indicates that you have excessive concerns about your health, numerous physical complaints, a broad range of symptoms, multiple experiences of physical discomfort, and a dysfunction in operational abilities.

◆ Psychological Heaviness(D4), T75
Psychological Heaviness(D4) . It typically refers to a state of mental burden or stress. This can be characterized by feelings of being overwhelmed, mentally exhausted, or weighed down by worries, problems, or responsibilities.
When a high score is observed in psychological heaviness, it's crucial to assess whether the individual's feelings are influenced by tangible stressors. This could include excessive worry due to past mistakes or the anticipation of severe negative events causing anxiety. Such feelings of psychological heaviness are understandable and may necessitate psychological counseling or even pharmacological intervention. However, if this sense of heaviness persists in the absence of identifiable stressors, it may be indicative of depression. This could be related to factors such as neurotransmitter imbalances, hormonal levels, or organic depression.

Your score is high, it indicates that you may have a lack of self-trust, experience difficulties in work and study, show a lack of response to events, have poor judgment skills, be prone to nervousness and suspicion, feel a heaviness of heart, and have poor attention, memory, and judgment skills.

◆ Worry(D5) ，T53
Worry(D5) . It typically refers to a state of anxiety or concern about actual or potential problems. Worry often involves repetitive thoughts about an issue and its potential negative outcomes.
The participant exhibits signs of melancholy, frequently engrossed in their own internal world. Within this state of immersion, they often find themselves revisiting negative incidents and errors, engaging in analysis and anticipation. This continuous cycle of negative anticipation inflicts significant emotional distress on the participant. Those with high scores in this area would greatly benefit from a shift in focus during psychological therapy, transitioning from their internal world to the realities of their external environment.


Normal T-score.

◆ Broad Symptoms of Depression(D-o),T75
Broad Symptoms of Depression(D-o) . It typically refers to a wide range of symptoms that are commonly associated with depression. These can include persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or emptiness; loss of interest or pleasure in activities; changes in appetite or weight; sleep disturbances; lack of energy; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions; and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
This represents a state of despondency, characterized by a lack of psychological drive. Individuals with high scores tend to seek stability and are resistant to change.

Your score is high, it suggests a lack of psychological motivation It presents obvious signs of depression.

◆ Inhibition of Anger and Aggression(D-s), T48
Inhibition of Anger and Aggression(D-s) . It typically refers to the ability to control or suppress feelings of anger and aggressive behaviors. This involves managing emotional reactions and responses, particularly those related to anger, and preventing them from leading to aggressive actions.
Contrary to the "Broad Symptoms of Depression", the participant may possess psychological drive but consistently suppresses it, preventing it from surfacing.

Normal T-score.

It's important to note:
If the difference between the scores of D-s and D-o is ≥15, it indicates "latent depression, with symptoms being suppressed". If both "Broad Symptoms of Depression" and "Inhibition of Anger and Aggression" score high, it suggests that the participant lacks motivation, and the high score in D-s is not indicative of suppression but rather an absence of it. Only when D-0 scores low does a high score in D-s imply suppression. If both D-o and D-s scores are ≤45, then the participant is likely an extroverted and assertive individual who does not suppress their emotional responses. In such cases, determining whether depression is overt or latent becomes irrelevant.

◆ Denial of Social Anxiety(Hy1), T61
Denial of Social Anxiety(Hy1) measures an individual's tendency to deny or suppress social anxiety or discomfort. A high score on this subscale can indicate that the individual is extroverted, comfortable in social interactions, and accepts criticism. On the other hand, a low score may indicate social anxiety or discomfort.
Individuals can be categorized into two aspects: the "biological self" and the "social self". Those scoring high are more inclined to express themselves and actively engage in societal activities. It's understood that neurosis(mental disorders not related to personality issues) stems from undue self-focus. Individuals scoring high on the lack of social anxiety scale tend to pay more attention to the evaluations of others and their own psychological experiences. High scores generally correlate with a lower likelihood of psychological issues. However, scores exceeding 70 might indicate potential social interaction difficulties or even manic tendencies.

Normal T-score.

◆ Need for Affection(Hy2), T46
The "Need for Affection" subscale(Hy2) evaluates an individual's need for affection, attention, and approval from others. It can provide insights into a person's emotional and interpersonal functioning, including their need for reassurance and validation.
This subscale may also reflect the individual's fear that they may not receive affection or attention if they reveal their true selves. It can also indicate a tendency to portray others positively and deny negative emotions towards others.

This subscale is significant as it reflects the subject's need for a social support system, particularly familial support. A social support system is a crucial aspect of an individual's social well-being. Individuals lacking such a system are susceptible to psychological issues. High scorers on the 'Need for Affection' scale may not necessarily lack a social support system, but they might be receiving insufficient love from their family. This could be due to either the family's lack of affection or the subject's excessive need for love. Typically, a high score on the Hysteria(Hy) scale corresponds to a high 'Need for Affection(Hy2) ' score. However, exceptions exist, and in such cases, other Subscales of Hy should be analyzed. Due to the impact of the one-child policy and various economic development issues, there is a certain discrepancy between the Hy norm and the current social situation. As such, we only classify a Hy2 score of ≥65 as high, while a score of 57-64 is considered relatively high. Needs generate motivations, and if these needs are not met, it can lead to psychological distress. The higher the Hy2 score, the greater the distress. Individuals with high scores need to assess whether their needs are being met by those around them and seek assistance for psychological growth.

Normal T-score.

◆ Lassitude-Malaise(Hy3), T83
The "Lassitude-Malaise" subscale(Hy3) measures an individual's physical and emotional fatigue or lack of energy. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person experiencing physical or emotional fatigue, while a low score may suggest a person with high energy levels.
This often indicates a narrow mindset, characterized by a concentrated focus on feelings of fatigue. Individuals with high scores on the Hysteria(Hy) scale tend to exhibit a more narrow perspective and pay increased attention to issues that trigger negative emotions. Concentrating on aspects or feelings they find tiresome can lead to the subjects feeling drained and unmotivated, resulting in a range of issues including a decline in drive. Simultaneously, a high score may also hint at the potential presence of depression in the subjects.

your score is high, it suggests that you may be experiencing weakness and fatigue, a lack of interest, a tendency to tire easily, diminished motivation, and a reduced inclination to act.

◆ Somatic Complaints(Hy4), T85
The "Somatic Complaints" subscale(Hy4) measures an individual's tendency to express emotional distress through physical symptoms. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who frequently complains about physical ailments as a way to seek attention or avoid responsibility. A low score may suggest a person who is less likely to express distress through physical symptoms.
Some individuals harbor deep-seated desires to seek pity and crave sympathy. The underlying objective is often to gain attention, understanding, and care, which can be indicative of psychological immaturity. Physical complaints are merely one manifestation of this, and those scoring high on the scale may exhibit other forms of expression, such as discussing adverse circumstances or failed relationships. At times, these individuals may immerse themselves in or derive a sense of satisfaction from their perceived misfortune, which could mean that those with high scores may not necessarily possess a strong motivation for change.

Your score is high, it suggests that you have a strong desire for attention and sympathy. You may focus excessively on various physical discomforts, often experience low physical and mental energy, and easily succumb to fatigue. Despite numerous attempts, you may find it challenging to uplift your spirits.

◆ Inhibition of Aggression(Hy5), T70
The "Inhibition of Aggression" subscale(Hy5) measures an individual's tendency to suppress or inhibit aggression, whether emotionally, physically, or in fantasies. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who has difficulty expressing anger, avoids conflict, fears rejection or consequences, engages in people-pleasing behavior, self-censors, has passive-aggressive tendencies, internalizes anger, and faces challenges in conflict resolution. A low score may suggest a person who is more assertive and expressive of their emotions.
Individuals with high scores may be effective at self-regulating their aggression and hostility. However, it's important to acknowledge that the presence of such aggression and hostility in itself poses a problem. This aggression and hostility originate from an indirect characteristic of Hysteria(Hy) - a sense of unfairness. These individuals often harbor a greater number of perceived obligations and prohibitions, lack tranquility, experience dissatisfaction, are prone to complaints, and easily become angry.

Your score is high, it suggests that you have a strong aversion to violence, are sensitive to selfish and unethical behaviors, tend to be decisive in your actions, and may occasionally exhibit indifference and skepticism.

◆ Hysteria-Obvious(Hy-o), T89
"Hysteria-Obvious" subscale(Hy-o) is part of the Hysteria(Hy) clinical scale. This subscale measures an individual's tendency to express emotional distress through physical symptoms. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who frequently complains about physical ailments as a way to seek attention or avoid responsibility. A low score may suggest a person who is less likely to express distress through physical symptoms.
Test subjects often register high scores on this scale during periods of low mood, stress, or anxiety. These conditions can indeed result in a narrow mindset, which in turn may elevate the Hysteria(Hy) score. However, it remains a topic of discussion whether this necessarily implies the presence of hysterical issues.

Your score is high, it suggests that you may have concerns about your sleep quality. Indicate "obvious hysteria".

◆ Hysteria-Subtle(Hy-s), T61
The "Hysteria-Subtle" subscale(Hy-s) is part of the Hysteria(Hy) clinical scale. This subscale measures an individual's tendency to express emotional distress in a more subtle or indirect manner. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who denies aggressive impulses, is socially outgoing, and tends to repress certain emotions. A low score may suggest a person who is hostile and distrusting

Normal T-score.

Pd. Subscale

Pd1 Pd2 Pd3 Pd4 Pd5 Pd-o Pd-s 68 77 58 70 82 84 79 High Low

◆ Familial Discord(Pd1), T68
The "Pd1" stands for the "Familial Discord" subscale under the Psychopathic Deviate(Pd) clinical scale. This subscale measures an individual's perception of conflict and problems within their family. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who feels they did not receive enough love and understanding from their family. They may have had frequent conflicts with their family and feel resentment towards them.
While individuals with high scores may originate from a disharmonious family environment, it's important to recognize that these test subjects are often the instigators of this discord. They may resist conforming to family customs and practices, leading to frequent conflicts with family members over behavioral habits and perceptions. These individuals may be resistant to change, at times even disregarding the potential consequences of their actions.

Your score is high, it suggests that you may feel a lack of familial warmth and emotional support, harbor dissatisfaction with your family environment, and consistently strive to escape familial control.

◆ Authority Problems(Pd2), T77
The "Pd2" stands for the "Authority Problems" subscale under the Psychopathic Deviate(Pd) clinical scale. This subscale measures an individual's tendency to have conflicts with authority figures. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who has had behavioral problems, legal issues, and conflicts with authority. They may violate social norms or clash with others, especially those in positions of authority.
The "Authority Problems" subscale reflects the extent to which a test subject acknowledges authority and rules. High scorers tend not to recognize any form of authority and internally resist all rules they perceive as disadvantageous. It's important to note that this isn't necessarily good or bad. For individuals capable of rational innovation, this trait can be advantageous, while for others, it may lead to difficulties. Given the shift towards individualized education in today's society, which differs significantly from the time when the norms were established, it's normal for younger individuals to score somewhat higher on this scale. Therefore, for those under the age of 25, a score of ≥65 is considered high.

Your score is high, it suggests that you may disregard societal norms and parental guidance, harbor resentment towards authority figures and societal expectations, exhibit a lack of control or impulsivity in your actions, and prefer to follow your own path and be independent.

◆ Social Imperturbability(Pd3), T58
The "Pd3" stands for the "Social Imperturbability" subscale under the Psychopathic Deviate(Pd) clinical scale. This subscale measures an individual's ability to maintain composure in social situations. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who is manipulative, threatening, exploitative, or very aggressive and indifferent in social situations. They may not need the affection or recognition of others.
High scorers are typically self-affirming, and they may exhibit a latent tendency to disregard others. Interpretations should be made based on the individual circumstances of the test subject.

Normal T-score.

◆ Social Alienation, T70
The "Pd4" stands for the "Social Alienation" subscale under the Psychopathic Deviate(Pd) clinical scale. This subscale measures an individual's feelings of alienation, isolation, and estrangement from society. A high score on this subscale may indicate a person who feels misunderstood, unaccepted, or rejected by society. They may feel that they do not belong or fit in.
Social alienation arises from two factors. One is the lack of acceptance by society, often experienced by individuals with mental disorders or those with adverse experiences. The other factor is the individual's own rejection of societal norms. The alienation discussed here primarily pertains to test subjects who reject societal norms, which subsequently leads to their exclusion by society. High scorers often perceive themselves as talented and innovative, yet feel that their strengths are not recognized by others. They may even view others as inferior, deeming them unworthy of their engagement. Indirectly, this suggests that high scorers may lack proficiency in recognizing resources, particularly in identifying the strengths of others. Consequently, their ability to leverage interpersonal resources may be limited.

High T Your score is high, indicating a strong desire for attention and empathy. You tend to focus excessively on physical discomforts, often experiencing a decline in both physical and mental capabilities. Despite your best efforts, you find it challenging to energize yourself. Your longing for attention and empathy is significant.

◆ Inner Turmoil(Pd5), T82
The Pd5 subscale, also known as "Inner Turmoil", is associated with feelings of dissatisfaction with life, unhappiness, feelings of being misunderstood, guilt, self-criticism, and regret. High scores on Pd5 indicate individuals who tend to attribute their dissatisfaction to themselves. The intensity or level of guilt can be predicted by the D5(Deep Worries) and LSE(Low Self-Esteem) content scale scores.
This scale assesses the degree of self-denial in individuals. It's crucial to distinguish this form of self-denial from that experienced in depression. In depression, self-denial manifests as "I am incapable," whereas in this context, it is "I am capable but unable to achieve," or "I am capable but have not performed well." Persistent self-denial and remorse can lead to difficulties in shifting focus, often resulting in attention being concentrated on negative aspects. This, in turn, can trigger a reduction in the overall utilization of psychological functions.

High T Your score is high, indicating that you tend to daydream, often find yourself in a daze, and lack enjoyment in activities. You are prone to complaining and struggle with integrating your psychological self. You frequently find it challenging to remain calm, often experience feelings of guilt, harbor many regrets, and feel despair.

◆ Psychopathic Deviate-Obvious(Pd-o), T84
Pd-O Psychopathic Deviate-Obvious.
High: Feels misunderstood, poor concentration, feels rejected by family, acting out, may have used alcohol excessively, depression, and sexual conflicts.
Low: Healthy relationships, denies alcohol abuse and does not express regret about past misdeeds. Not someone to marry. Correlates 89% with Pd5 Self Alienation, 83% with Wiggins Depression, and 82% with Dependency. Pd-O is more pathological than Pd, while Pd-S, Pd1 and Pd2 are less pathological than Pd.

High T Your score is high, suggesting a tendency to externalize blame, evade responsibility, and attribute difficulties to others or environmental factors.

◆ Psychopathic Deviate-Subtle, T79
Pd-S Psychopathic Deviate-Subtle.
High: Social imperturbability, family conflicts, difficulties with intimate relationships and impulsive. Low: Conforming, compliant and shy. Correlates 56% with Pd, 38% with Hy-S, and 37% with Hy1 Denial of Social Anxiety. A rather independent subtle scale. These people function very well, but tend to have marital problems often due to the abuse or neglect they experienced within their family of origin.

Your score is high, indicating that you do not suppress your emotions such as anger and dissatisfaction. Instead, you express them directly, often engaging in blame and arguments.

Pa. Subscale

Pa1 Pa2 Pa3 Pa-o Pa-s 75 72 30 81 35 High Low

◆ Persecutory Ideas(Pa1), T75
Pa1 Persecutory Ideas.
High: Externalizes blame, utilizes projection, feels misunderstood and suspicious.
Low: Feels understood, trusting, and denies persecutory ideas. Correlates .87 with Pa-O, .80 with Wiggins Psychoticism, .69 Prejudice, .69 with Pd4 Social Alienation, and .68 with Wiggins Depression. Pa1 and Pa-O are the most pathological aspects of Pa. These scales assess delusions of persecution, unless someone is really out to get them.
Individuals often feel hurt because they harbor a heightened fear of experiencing harm and lack a sense of security. Those with high scores tend to shift their focus towards elements that could potentially cause them harm, such as certain situations, people, or the actions of others. This heightened sensitivity often leads to an increased perception of harm. In response, they may create a metaphorical "shell" to protect themselves, which can lead to personality issues. It's been suggested that while neurosis stems from unwarranted attention, personality disorders arise from unnecessary defenses. Interestingly, those who fear harm often inflict pain on others, particularly those close to them, while they themselves are hurting.

High T Your score is high, indicating that you tend to be suspicious and sensitive. You have a tendency to distrust others, often feel misunderstood, and perceive experiences as unfair. You are likely to blame others for your difficulties and may even harbor delusions of being persecuted. This suggests a lack of self-awareness regarding your own pathological feelings.

◆ Poignancy(Pa2), T72
Pa2 Poignancy
High: High-strung, overly sensitive, overly subjective, feels misunderstood, seeks out excitement and acts out.
Low: Feels understood and not likely to act out.
Correlates .73 with Pa-O, .71 with Wiggins Psychoticism, .68 with Dependency, and .68 with Welsh Anxiety.
A good scale of "thin-skinness," an aspect of paranoids. Pa2 is a good subtle scale of paranoia.
High T A high score suggests that you are primarily focused on your own feelings, often to the extent of overlooking the emotions of those around you. This can lead to perceptions of you being self-absorbed, egocentric, and lacking in responsibility.

High T Your score is high, suggesting that you thrive on stimulation and tend to perceive things based on your personal viewpoints. You often feel distinct from others and believe that you possess unique qualities. At times, you may experience intense mental tension as you eagerly await moments of inspiration.

◆ Naive(Pa3), T30
Pa3 Naive
High: Naive about others, and sees self and others as trustworthy and honest with high moral standards, and denies hostility.
Low: Suspicious of others, admits to feeling of hostility and resentment.
Correlates .84 with Pa-S,-.81 with Wiggins Manifest Hostility,.72 with Hy2 Need for Affection, -.69 with Prejudice, and .65 with Hy-S.
Pa3 is a measure of trustfulness with normals. It is a measure of the idealizing side of splitting in paranoia.
Naivety: Here, "naivety" does not imply innocence or simplicity devoid of guile. Instead, it underscores a sense of confidence and determination. It manifests as a straightforward approach to tasks - if you believe something is achievable, you will pursue it without overthinking. You display great enthusiasm towards those who aid in your endeavors. However, you may exhibit limited tolerance, even hostility, towards obstacles or individuals that impede your actions. Individuals with high scores on this scale are often more focused on task completion and the realization of their self-worth.

Low T Your score is low, suggesting a tendency towards negativity and suspicion. You may hold the belief that people are generally selfish, dishonest, and untrustworthy.

◆ Paranoia-Obvious(Pa-o), T81
Pa-o Paranoia-Obvious
High: Persecutory ideas, feeling misunderstood and abused, feeling depressed, projection of blame and suspicious.
Low: Denies persecutory ideation. Correlates .87 with Pa1 Persecutory Ideas, .85 with Wiggins Psychoticism, .77 with Pa, .76 with Wiggins Depression, and .73 with Pa2 Poignancy.
Pa-o and Pa1 are basically the same, both measuring persecutory ideas. Both are more pathological than Pa. ​
High T Your score is high, indicating that you harbor intense feelings of persecution and victimization. You exhibit rigid thinking patterns and struggle to divert your focus from negative emotions or situations. You are susceptible to feelings of resentment, which can sometimes escalate to extreme levels.

Indication: This suggests "Overt Paranoia".

◆ Paranoia-Subtle(Pa-s), T35
Pa-s Paranoia-Subtle.
High: Naively trusting, may feel victimized, the idealizing side of the splitting(PaO = Bad Object and PaS = Good Object) .
Low: Resentful, distrusting and punitive. Correlates .84 with Pa3 Naiveté, -.62 with Wiggins Authority Conflicts, .57 with Pa, .52 with Hy2 Need for Affection, and .47 with Hy-S. Pa-S and Pa3 in normals assess trustfulness, the opposite of paranoia.
In individuals with paranoid tendencies, Pa-S and Pa3 assess the idealizing side of splitting.
The object relations of paranoids are based on their rigid beliefs. People are either all good or all bad to them.
Their object relations are not based on object constancy and reality testing, but the projection of good and bad internal objects.
Pa-o and Pa1 are on the negative side of the split, and Pa-s and Pa3 are on the positive side of the split. When people with paranoid tendencies trust, it is usually a set up to feel betrayed.

Low T Your score is within the normal range.

Sc.Subscale

Sc1 Sc2 Sc3 Sc4 Sc5 Sc6 73 120 86 95 72 86 High Low

◆ Social Alienation(Sc1), T73
The term "Sc1" in the context of MMPI-2 refers to a subscale of the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale. The Sc1 subscale, also known as "Social Alienation", reflects feelings of lack of trust in others and a tendency to withdraw from meaningful relationships with others.
This behavior is indicative of an immature personality. Such individuals often seek the care and guidance of others, yet harbor a deep-seated distrust towards them. They possess unique thought processes, which often hinder their ability to fully comprehend the actions and intentions of others. Similarly, they are often misunderstood by others. They frequently resort to fantasies to fill a perceived void in their lives, which can diminish their ability to perceive reality accurately. When interacting with others, they tend to harbor lofty, sometimes unrealistic expectations, which can inadvertently exert psychological pressure on those around them.

High T Your score is high, indicating that you experience a lack of harmony in your relationships with others. You often feel misunderstood, offended, and isolated. You perceive treatment from others as unfair, leading to feelings of loneliness and withdrawal. You may also feel out of place in social settings. There is a perceived lack of social support and love, and you feel as though you've lost meaningful connections with others.

◆ Emotional Alienation(Sc2), T120
The term "SC2" in the context of MMPI-2 refers to a subscale of the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale¹[1][1]. The SC2 subscale, also known as "Emotional Alienation", is associated with feelings of alienation, blunted or distorted emotions, and apathy. It fundamentally measures emotional withdrawal from life(as opposed to withdrawal from other people, which is measured by SC1) .
As discussed under the theme of "Social Alienation", individuals often harbor fantasies and idealized perceptions, which, when combined with a general distrust of others, can lead to feelings of societal estrangement. If this distrust extends to include self-distrust, and there are conflicts between their ideals and reality, they may struggle to effectively express and accept themselves. This lack of self-acceptance is a deeply ingrained sentiment. On the surface, they may perceive themselves as good and competent, leading to an internal conflict. An immature personality may hinder their ability to effectively perceive the world. It's worth noting that the question of whether individuals scoring high on the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale possess the ability to discern sensory details warrants further research. They may also experience discrepancies between their cognitive understanding and actual experiences. Importantly, it's not only individuals with mental health disorders who may score high on this measure.

High T Your score is high, indicating that your emotions tend to be bland or indifferent. You exhibit a lack of interest and feelings of depression, pessimism, despair, and indifference. You may struggle with maintaining consistency with your own emotions. Your emotional responses are characterized as peculiar and discordant, often not aligning with the nature of external stimuli or your internal experiences.

◆ Lack of Ego Mastery, Cognitive(Sc3), T86
The SC3 subscale, also known as "Lack of Ego Mastery, Cognitive", is associated with problems in memory, attention, and concentration. While the D4(Mental Dullness) subscale measures difficulties in completing mental tasks, the SC3 subscale focuses on cognitive impairments due to intrusive thoughts.

High T Your score is high, indicating that your thoughts can be unusual and filled with strange and perplexing ideas. You may struggle with effectively controlling your thought processes, leading to a loss of cognitive autonomy. You may also experience memory deficits and instability in attention.

◆ Lack of Ego Mastery, Conative(Sc4), T95
The SC4 subscale, also known as "Lack of Ego Mastery, Conative", reflects a lack of motivation to behave in a constructive and productive manner. It is similar to SC2 in reflecting feelings of apathy and brooding, but unlike SC2 or D4, it suggests a state of mental exhaustion, lack of will, and discomfort that prevents not only the completion of mental/behavioral tasks but even the initiation of them.

High T Your score is high, suggesting that you are prone to daydreaming and often find yourself in a state of indecision, torn between whether to act or not. You exhibit signs of melancholy and despair in your interactions and dealings. You tend to worry and your behavior is characterized by lethargy and withdrawal. You often feel powerless, which in reality, may be indicative of a lack of motivation to take action.

◆ Lack of Ego Mastery, Defective Inhibition(Sc5), T72
The SC5 subscale, also known as "Lack of Ego Mastery, Defective Inhibition", is associated with feelings of being frightened by the sense of impending loss of control, ego-alien affect, hyperactivity, labile affect, irritability, and possible amnesic episodes. It fundamentally measures a lack of inhibition, which can manifest as mental exhaustion, lack of will, and discomfort that prevents not only the completion of mental/behavioral tasks but even the initiation of them.

High T Your score is high, indicating that you struggle with emotional control, often feeling as though your emotions are foreign and unusual. You are prone to impulsive and alien emotions, with behavior that can easily spiral out of control and emotions that are quickly triggered. You may experience a “schizoid emotional” state, characterized by a disconnection between your emotions and your environment. In severe instances, you may harbor hostility towards everyone, resulting in a lack of recognition from others. Please note: The third, fourth, and fifth Subscales of the Schizophrenia(Sc) scale emphasize three factors related to a lack of self-mastery in the individual being tested. The root of this lack of self-mastery lies in the inability to align one's thoughts with reality. Their thought processes can sometimes resemble those of a young child, filled with fantasies, daydreams, and idealizations. These occupy the cognitive space needed for understanding reality, thereby hindering their ability to accurately perceive reality and make precise judgments. Additionally, due to excessive thinking, their capacity for action is not strong - they may have great ideas but act on them infrequently. While everyone experiences fantasies, we do not live within them. We imagine ourselves, and the contents of these fantasies are generally positive. However, an individual living within their fantasies can easily dismiss negative, undesirable, or unacceptable information from reality. It's important to remember that summarizing experiences requires the processing of multiple pieces of information, including both pros and cons. Therefore, individuals living within their fantasies may lack the ability to effectively summarize experiences, leading to a potential deficit in self-control. ◆ Bizarre Sensory Experiences(Sc6), T86
Sc6 Bizarre Sensory Experiences.
High: May admit to hallucinations, ideas of external influence, strange tactile sensations, auditory or kinesthetic distortions.
Low: Denies experiencing change in bodily image or sensations or feelings of depersonalization.
Correlates .78 with Wiggins Organic Symptoms, .65 with Hypomania-Obvious, and .65 with Wiggins Psychoticism.
Assess somatic delusions rather than somatization found with neurotics. Should be called, "Somatic Delusions."
High scores are commonly observed in individuals experiencing health conditions. However, at times, younger participants may also exhibit such responses, potentially due to developmental immaturity or difficulties in comprehending the questions.

Your score is high, it indicates that the individual undergoing the test is experiencing unusual and bizarre perceptions, including both misperceptions and hallucinations. The individual is acutely aware of an external control over their physical and mental states, leading to changes in their physical self-image and a strong sense of unreality about themselves and their surroundings.

Ma. Subscale

Ma1 Ma2 Ma3 Ma4 Ma-o Ma-s 45 40 56 56 42 47 High Low

◆ Amorality(Ma1), T45
The "Ma1" subscale is specifically related to "Amorality". This subscale measures the individual's indifference towards their own and others' motives and objectives. It includes traits such as a blunt honesty that disarms others, and a denial of guilt. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may perceive others as selfish, dishonest, and opportunistic, and may feel justified in behaving similarly.
Actually, a high score can be seen as an indicator of active, flexible, and adaptable thinking. It's important to consider the cultural context when interpreting these scores. While it might suggest a lack of morality, it could also indirectly reflect a sense of dissatisfaction within the individual being tested. This "lack of morality" could potentially be a form of expressing discontent. Individuals with high scores tend to focus on their own interests, including those of people close to them or those they serve(for instance, lawyers might have higher scores) . They might seem indifferent to those with whom they have no relationship. However, it's crucial not to judge an individual's character solely based on this score.

Normal T-score.

◆ Psychomotor Acceleration(Ma2), T40
The "Ma2" subscale is specifically related to "Psychomotor Acceleration". This subscale measures the individual's tendency towards increased activity, rapid thought processes, and restlessness. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as impulsivity, talkativeness, and a high level of energy.
The second subscale of Hypomania(Ma) is indicative of active thinking. Given the normative considerations, scores below 70 are typically not problematic. However, scores exceeding this threshold may indicate a risk of mania.


Your score is low, it indicates that you tend to think slowly and take fewer actions.

◆ Imperturbability(Ma3), T56
This subscale measures the individual's level of emotional calmness and stability. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as emotional steadiness, calmness, and a lack of emotional reactivity.


Normal T-score.

◆ Ego Inflation(Ma4), T56
This subscale measures the individual's level of self-esteem and self-importance. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as overconfidence, arrogance, and a sense of superiority.
The fourth subscale of Hypomania(Ma) is indicative of individuals who score high often struggling to effectively analyze their own circumstances. They may harbor a sense of injustice and believe that they should be the ones upholding fairness. These individuals may feel misunderstood by others, potentially giving off an impression of being discontented or rebellious.

Normal T-score.

◆ Hypomania-Obvious(Ma-o), T42
Ma-O Hypomania-Obvious.
High: Poor impulse control, acting out, grandiose, thrill-seeking and exploitive.
Low: Denies having poor impulse control, or acting out, is not thrill-seeking, humble and practical.
Correlates .80 with Sc5 Defective Inhibition, .79 with Ma2 Psychomotor Acceleration, .71 with Ma, .69 with Wiggins Psychoticism, .69 with Ma4 Ego Inflation, .67 with Wiggins Manifest Hostility, and .66 with Wiggins Hypomania.
The correlations reflect the high degree of psychopathology in this scale, far more than Ma. These are the sorts of people who have a lot of energy, but shouldn't.
Your score is low, it indicates that the results are within the normal range.

◆ Hypomania-Subtle(Ma-s),T47
Ma-S Hypomania-Subtle.
High: Social imperturbability, extroverted, insensitive and thrill-seeking.
Low: Shy, insecure and indecisive. Correlates .83 with Ma, .53 with Ma3 Imperturbability, .51 with Pd3 Social Imperturbability, .47 with Ma2 Psychomotor Acceleration, .46 with Ma4 Ego Inflation, and -.45 with Si.
Ma-S, as with Hy1, Pd3, and Ma3, simply means extroversion in normals, but in the context of psychopathology, it means insensitivity.

Normal T-score.

Si. Subscale

Si1 Si2 Si3 49 60 63 High Low

◆ Shyness/Self-Consciousness, T49
The "Si1" subscale is specifically related to "Shyness/Self-Consciousness". This subscale measures the individual's level of social anxiety and discomfort. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as shyness, self-consciousness, and a tendency to avoid social situations.
When interpreting this subscale, it's crucial to differentiate between feelings of inferiority and apprehension. An individual might display introverted and self-deprecating behaviors, such as minimal interaction with others and limited verbal communication. These behaviors could stem from a fear of negatively impacting others, concerns about personal inadequacies, or a general reluctance to engage. A reluctance to engage might hint at depression, personal inadequacies could suggest feelings of inferiority, and the fear of impacting others could indicate apprehension. High scores in "inferiority" are more likely to lean towards apprehension, but the possibility of inferiority shouldn't be dismissed. This can be determined by considering the ratio of "no" responses. It's worth noting that many individuals might simultaneously experience feelings of inferiority and apprehension.

Normal T-score.

◆ Social Avoidance(Si2), T60
This subscale measures the individual's tendency to avoid social interactions and situations. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as social withdrawal, avoidance of social situations, and a preference for solitude.

Normal T-score.

◆ Alienation - Self and Others(si3), T63
This subscale measures the individual's feelings of alienation and estrangement from both themselves and others. Individuals scoring high on this subscale may exhibit behaviors such as feeling detached or disconnected from themselves and others.

Normal T-score. Please note: The second and third Subscales of Social Introversion(Si) are designed to identify secondary issues that arise when an individual has excessive concerns. The second subscale focuses on interpersonal relationships, while the third subscale pertains to situations or events. Individuals with high scores often overthink, which can restrict their actions and subsequently impact their emotions.

⑨ Interpretation of clinical scale combinations    BACK

Your clinical scale combination code is: 84

Prominent coding: This refers to a consistent pattern that emerges in repeated tests, which holds significant clinical value due to its reliability.

84： Pd (Rule Compliance) Sc (Thought Reality) Individuals with this profile often seem maladapted to their surrounding environment. Others may perceive them as strange, quirky, and eccentric, and they may harbor incomprehensible ideas and desires. They are unconventional, dissatisfied with authority, and often support radical views. Their behavior is erratic and unpredictable, and they exhibit significant issues with impulse control, adventurousness, and aggressiveness. These individuals may pose a risk of engaging in harmful activities, often fail to recognize when they are committing a crime, lack planning, and often perform poorly. They may engage in behaviors such as prostitution, promiscuity, and exhibit a high degree of sexual bias. They may also exhibit excessive drinking or drug abuse. These individuals often fail to fully utilize their learning abilities, exhibit unstable behavior, and have a history of marginal adaptability. These individuals often experience a deep sense of insecurity, are highly distrustful of others, avoid establishing intimate relationships, and excessively seek others' attention and influence. When it comes to interpersonal communication, they rarely invest emotionally and often attempt to use others to meet their own needs. They lack basic social skills and often blame others for their difficulties. They are overly concerned about their gender role, fear behaving inappropriately in sexual situations, and are often plagued by sexual fantasies. These individuals often exhibit poor social judgment when dealing with situations, struggle to consider problems in combination with reality, and exhibit emotional venting, impulsiveness, among other issues. They often struggle to adapt to complex work environments and may frequently resign due to interpersonal conflicts or feelings of oppression. In their personal life, they often experience conflicts with their family, making it difficult for others to live with them. Individuals with high scores on both Pd and Sc often exhibit personality or mental problems. Their behavioral pattern can manifest in two possible ways: one is unpredictable and eccentric behavior, often surprising others; the other is acting according to their own ideals, disregarding realistic conditions, and having idealized expectations of others. These two behavioral models share a common trait: as the score on Pd increases, the individual's aggressiveness also increases. Such individuals often struggle in their marriages; at work, they may excel in creative roles (such as image design), but often face difficulties in other aspects of work, and their interpersonal relationships often cannot be maintained for long periods.

⑩ Two point Codes    BACK

⑫ Special diagnostic considerations    BACK

The MMPI-2 is primarily utilized for reporting results and diagnosing a variety of issues, including suicide, functional or organic disorders, chronic or acute mental illnesses, neurosis, prognosis of psychological treatment, potential behavioral activities, and problems with alcohol or drug addiction.
Ⅰ Chronic and Acute Mental Disorders:
① In the graph, if two or more scales combine high scores(for example, scales 9, 7, 8, or 27) that are significantly higher than the rest of the scales, it may indicate an acute graph. If the increased score and the non-increased score T differ by 15-20 points, it is considered an acute score.
② If all scores are elevated on average, it can be considered valid. This suggests a chronic patient. If there are 1-2 high scores on the basis of a general increase, it should be considered an acute exacerbation of chronic disease.

Ⅱ Psychotic Pattern and Neurotic Pattern:
① Patients generally have scales 1, 2, 3, 7 elevated, and much higher than 6, 8, 9. This is the so-called neurotic slope, presenting "left high and right low", divided into A, B, C, D four types.
** A type: 1, 3, 2 decrease, somatization disorder, hysteria.
** B type: 1, 2, 3 decrease, somatization disorder, paranoia.
** C type: 2, 1, 3 decrease, chronic neurosis, depression.
** D type: 1, 2, 3 increase, hysteria, women have marital problems, men have chronic anxiety, worry about physical health.

② If a slope appears to the right of scale 5(that is, scales 6, 8, 9 are elevated), it is a psychotic slope. The sharper the angle of the slope, the more it indicates an acute situation.

Difficult to distinguish:
** If many scale T scores rise at the same time, you can compare scales 7 and 8. If 7 is higher than 8, or slightly lower than scale 8(within 5T points), it is still neurosis.
** If scale 8 is higher than 7 by more than 10 points, it is psychosis, but the important thing is to look at the F scale score. If the F score rises, it further indicates psychosis.
** At the same time, pay attention to the patient's work environment or the nature of the work. If the scale of workers in the hospital rises above 80 points, it is diagnosed as psychosis. Some scholars have a wider requirement for the F scale score, 65-75 points are diagnosed as psychosis, and some scholars have stricter requirements.

Ⅲ Functional or Organic:
Another common major issue in diagnosis is to distinguish between functional and organic diseases. But this also has two meanings: 1. Severe psychiatric diseases and organic brain diseases. 2. Internal diseases and psychogenic conversion reactions(that is, physiological diseases and psychological diseases) .
In 1955, Reitan and others suggested that individuals with significantly elevated scores on the F, 6, 7, 8, 9 scales may potentially have brain damage. However, recent research suggests that this reaction is due to the loss of verbal skills. Brain injuries that only result in spatial or non-verbal skill loss may present as a normal graph or elevated scores on the K and 3 scales. At times, it can be challenging to distinguish this from chronic schizophrenia.
Another method involves using the score on the 8 scale as a determinant, with higher 8T scores indicating a greater likelihood of schizophrenia. Lower scores on the 8 scale tend to indicate an organic disorder. However, this method only has a 75% reliability rate and is particularly prone to misdiagnosis in cases of damage to the left temporal lobe.
The high and low scores on the 2 scale can assist in distinguishing between internal diseases or conversion symptoms. The D scale score of the conversion reaction is often very high, and there can also be a 43 graph. Functional diseases in internal medicine are represented by a 13 graph, and scores on the 2 scale are often very low.

Ⅳ Suicide:
Graphs 27/72 are common. The 9 scale reflects energy level and impulsivity. If scores on the 4, 8, 9 scales are elevated simultaneously, the risk of suicide increases.
The MMPI requires repeated checks. If the score on the 2 scale suddenly drops, it's crucial to carefully evaluate whether the suicide attempt has genuinely disappeared.
Graphs 2.4, 2.8 should also be approached with caution, as these individuals may be highly impulsive. For instance, a 4 or 6.4 score indicates a particularly dangerous suicide attempt. If there are signs of hatred or intent to manipulate others, extra caution should be taken, especially for doctors who frequently interact with such patients.

Ⅴ Ability to Control Behavior:
High scorers on the 4, 6, 8, 9 scales often lack self-control and cannot control their impulses. These individuals are prone to attack others. This graph can include 4.9 types, 4.9.6 types, 4.6.8 types, and 8.4 types. This graph can represent periodic or consistent violations of social norms.
Individuals with a 4.3 type graph can have periodic hysteria and attacks on others alternately. This is true for both men and women.
When the score on the 3 scale significantly exceeds the score on the 4 scale, the symptoms of madness are apparent. There is generally no aggressive behavior with 3, 4 graphs, but there is a risk of self-harm. When the score on the 3 scale is more than 10 points higher than the score on the 4 scale, the risk is particularly high, and there is often suicidal behavior.

Ⅵ Alcohol Addiction, Drug Addiction:
Graphs 84, 86, 89, 82, and 87 are common, especially when encountering stimulating reactions in life.

The MMPI-2 has the advantage of wide applicability. The disadvantage is that it requires the cooperation of the test takers and reading ability, and it takes more time. This shortcoming can be compensated for by improvements in modern technology.

Bibliography

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  Aaronson, A. L. (1958). Age and sex influence on MMPI profile peak distributions in an abnormal population. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 22, 203–206
  Alan F. Friedman,P. Kevin Bolinskey,Richard W. Levak,David S. Nichols.(2014).Psychological Assessment with the MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF
   David S.(2001). Essentials of MMPI-2™ Assessment